| 1. |
- Bobak, M., et al.
(författare)
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Contributions of drinking patterns to differences in rates of alcohol related problems between three urban populations
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology. - : BMJ. - 0917-5040 .- 1349-9092. ; 58:3, s. 238-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To examine, on empirical data, whether drinking patterns, in addition to overall alcohol consumption, contribute to differences in rates of alcohol related problems between populations. Design: Cross sectional survey. Settings: One Russian, one Polish, and one Czech city. Participants: 1118 men and 1125 women randomly selected from population registers. Main outcome measures: Problem drinking; negative social consequences of drinking; alcohol consumption and drinking pattern. Results: Rates of problem drinking and of negative consequences of drinking were much higher in Russian men (35% and 18%, respectively) than in Czechs (19% and 10%) or Poles (14% and 8%). This contrasts with substantially lower mean annual intake of alcohol reported by Russian men (4.6 litres) than by Czech men (8.5 litres), and with low mean drinking frequency in Russia (67 drinking sessions per year, compared with 179 sessions among Czech men). However, Russians consumed the highest dose of alcohol per drinking session (means 71 g in Russians, 46 g in Czechs, and 45 g in Poles), and had the highest prevalence of binge drinking. In women, the levels of alcohol related problems and of drinking were low in all countries. In ecological and individual level analyses, indicators of binge drinking explained a substantial part of differences in rates of problem drinking and negative consequences of drinking between the three countries. Conclusions: These empirical data confirm high levels of alcohol related problems in Russia despite low volume of drinking. The binge drinking pattern partly explains this paradoxical finding. Overall alcohol consumption does not suffice as an estimate of alcohol related problems at the population level.
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| 2. |
- Dawson, D.A., et al.
(författare)
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Towards agreement on ways to measure and report drinking patterns and alcohol-related problems in adult general population surveys
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Substance Abuse. - 0899-3289 .- 1873-6491. ; 12:1-2, s. 1-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A thematic conference of the Kettil Bruun Society (KBS) for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol was held in Skarpö, near Stockholm, on April 3–7, 2000. The goals of the meeting were to develop consensus sets of questionnaire items for measuring alcohol consumption and social harm, to delineate statistical and practical concerns related to the aggregation of consumption and harm data and to identify summary measures to be used for descriptive purposes and in analyses of the association between alcohol intake and alcohol-related outcomes. The results of the conference discussions are summarized below, with emphasis on both areas where the conference yielded recommendations for measures and methods of aggregation for analysis, and on areas where consensus could not be obtained and/or where additional research is needed.
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| 3. |
- Demers, A., et al.
(författare)
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The Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol
- 2004
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Ingår i: Addiction. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 99:2, s. 161-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol (KBS) was established in 1987 and is an independent organization open to all scientists working on problems related to social and epidemiological research on alcohol. The aim of the Society is to promote social and epidemiological research which fosters a comparative understanding of the social aspects of alcohol use and alcohol problems. In line with this the Society also aims at promoting a spirit of international collaboration. The Kettil Bruun Society is based on individual membership and, by 2003, has 197 fully paid-up members, representing 34 different countries over five continents. The main activities include an annual meeting as well as thematic meetings. In these meetings, discussions are emphasized by having precirculated papers and assigned discussants. The KBS also serves as a basis for organizing international collaborative projects. Project meetings or work-shops are often organized around the annual meetings, and the projects tend to run over several years. The Society's primary influence is through the mutual influence of its members on each others' thinking, the work of the projects that KBS sponsors and the influence its members have collectively on the development of the field.
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| 4. |
- Frick, Ulrich, et al.
(författare)
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Average volume of alcohol consumption, drinking patterns and related burden of mortality in young people in established market economies in Europe
- 2001
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Ingår i: European Addiction Research. - : S. Karger AG. - 1022-6877 .- 1421-9891. ; 7:3, s. 148-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To determine the burden of mortality in young people (age 15-29) in established market economies in Europe in 1999, which is attributable to alcohol consumption. Two dimensions of alcohol consumption were considered: average volume of consumption, and patterns of drinking.METHODS:Mortality data were obtained from the WHO EIP data bank, average volume data from the WHO global databank on alcohol, pattern of drinking data from a questionnaire sent out to experts, from the published literature and from the WHO global databank. Methods are explained and discussed in detail in two other contributions to this volume.RESULTS:More than 8,000 deaths of people aged 15-29 in Europe in 1999 were attributable to alcohol. Young males show a higher proportion of alcohol-attributable deaths (12.8%) than females (8.3%). Both average volume and patterns of drinking contribute to alcohol-related death.CONCLUSIONS:Alcohol-related deaths constitute a considerable burden in young people in Europe.
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| 5. |
- Giesbrecht, N., et al.
(författare)
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Trends in public opinion on alcohol policy measures : Ontario 1989-1998
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Studies on Alcohol. - : Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc.. - 0096-882X .- 1934-2683. ; 62:2, s. 142-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:This article presents trend data concerning public opinion on alcohol policy in the Canadian province of Ontario over a 10-year period (1989-98), highlights the currently debated issue of private venues for retail alcohol sales and assesses correspondence between public opinion and actual and proposed policy decisions.METHOD:Selected policy-related items from nine probability surveys on representative samples of male and female Ontario adults (range of unweighted n 's: 953 to 1,947) were analyzed by means of logistic regression.RESULTS:We found strong support for the status quo for a number of items, including beer and liquor store hours, corner store sales and taxes. Across all years, less than 6% of the total sample wanted to lower the legal drinking age. Over time, a linear trend showed a gradual but not entirely consistent development of attitudes among the Ontario public, favoring relaxation of some controls. However, contrary to this trend, disapproval of retail sales in corner stores increased significantly from 1992 to 1996. Demographic breakdown shows that relaxation of controls is most favored by those who report consumption of five or more drinks per occasion at least weekly over the past 12 months, and most strongly opposed by women and nondrinkers. Of those who seldom or never consume five or more drinks per occasion, the majority express satisfaction with the status quo.CONCLUSIONS:These data call into question the suitability of changes in alcohol policy that would diminish controls. It is of particular interest that there seems to be little public support for privatization proposals in the province. Public opinion against comer store sales of alcoholic beverages increased over time.
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| 6. |
- Gmel, G., et al.
(författare)
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Contrasting individual and aggregate studies in alcohol research? Combining them is the answer!
- 2004
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Ingår i: Addiction Research and Theory. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1058-6989 .- 1606-6359 .- 1476-7392. ; 12:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reprint of Rose's (1985) seminal paper reiterated the distinction between two etiological questions: What are the causes of individual cases, and what are the causes of population incidence? The first question deals with within-population variability and the second with between-population variability, suggesting that individual level studies should be used to answer the first question and aggregate level studies to answer the second. What findings should be trusted, however, when the results from aggregate and individual level studies on the same topic diverge? One example of the divergence of findings in the alcohol field is that of studies on coronary heart disease. The overwhelming majority of individual level studies have shown the protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption for coronary heart disease, however aggregate level studies have failed to corroborate this finding. This discrepancy has been taken by some as evidence that the aggregate level disproved a causal relation at the individual level. This implies that the same hypothesis could be tested at both levels. The present editorial will reiterate the notion of Rose (1985) that both types of analyses answer different questions and cannot be expected to coincide in results.
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| 7. |
- Gmel, Gerhard, et al.
(författare)
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Dimensions of alcohol-related social and health consequences in survey research
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Substance Abuse. - 0899-3289 .- 1873-6491. ; 12:1-2, s. 113-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dimensions of alcohol-related social and health consequences are approached from two different perspectives. First, classical approaches with factor analytic techniques are used to empirically determine the dimensionality of item batteries intended to measure harm. Second, a closer look is taken at theoretically underlying dimensions of social and health consequences and their association with alcohol consumption. Using as empirical material data from the US national survey of males aged 21–59 (N3) conducted in 1969, the following specific questions are discussed: (1) What are the underlying dimensions of alcohol-related social and health consequences? (2) How should the relation between alcohol consumption and consequences best be assessed (in terms of epidemiological traditions or social constructivist traditions)? (3) How can we best incorporate the time perspective into modeling the relationship between alcohol consumption and consequences? A first attempt is made to develop practical guidelines for future research on handling these problems.
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| 8. |
- Hradilova Selin, Klara, et al.
(författare)
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Sammanfattning och slutdiskussion
- 2004
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Ingår i: Svenska dryckesvanor och deras konsekvenser i början av det nya milleniet. - Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, Centrum för socialvetenskaplig alkohol- och drogforskning (SoRAD). - 9197463396 ; , s. 199-210
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
- Jernigan, D.H., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a global alcohol policy : alcohol, public health and the role of WHO
- 2000
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Ingår i: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. - 0042-9686 .- 1564-0604. ; 78:4, s. 491-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1983 the World Health Assembly declared alcohol-related problems to be among the world’s major health concerns. Since then, alcohol consumption has risen in developing countries, where it takes a heavy toll. Alcohol-related problems are at epidemic levels in the successor states of the Soviet Union and are responsible for 3.5% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost globally. Substantial evidence exists of the relationship between the levels and patterns of alcohol consumption on the one hand and the incidence of alcohol-related problems on the other. Over the past 20 years, research has demonstrated the effectiveness of public policies involving, for example, taxation and restrictions on alcohol availability, in reducing alcohol-related problems. In the wake of rapid economic globalization, many of these policies at national and subnational levels have been eroded, often with the support of international financial and development organizations. Development agencies and international trade agreements have treated alcohol as a normal commodity, overlooking the adverse consequences of its consumption on productivity and health. WHO is in a strong position to take the lead in developing a global alcohol policy aimed at reducing alcohol-related problems, providing scientific and statistical support, capacity-building, disseminating effective strategies and collaborating with other international organizations. Such leadership can play a significant part in diminishing the health and social problems associated with alcohol use.
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| 10. |
- Jernigan, David, et al.
(författare)
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The ambiguous role of alcohol in economic and social development
- 2000
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 95:12, Suppl. 4, s. 523-535
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An increased and industrialized alcohol supply in a developing society is usually assumed to have positive effects on economic development, although it may be recognized that the effects on public health and order will be negative. There has been little attention to the potential for negative effects on the economic side. This paper directs attention to such factors as unemployment for cottage producers (often female heads of household) and reduced industrial employment as highly-automated "turnkey" brewers are installed. On the other hand, changes in the mode of production of alcoholic beverages may have little impact on the much larger work-force involved in serving or selling alcohol in retail trade. The net contribution of an increased and industrialized alcohol supply in terms of economic development is unclear, but industrialization and development bring with them increased demands for attention and sobriety, e.g. in motorized traffic and on the production line, which increased drinking may undercut. Decisions by international development agencies on investment in alcohol production and distribution should take account of both the positive and negative impacts on economic development as well as on public health. In line with this, the World Bank has recently decided to invest in alcohol industry projects only when there is a strong positive development impact and the project is "consistent with public health issues and social policy concerns".
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