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- Gerkin, Richard C., et al.
(författare)
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Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a preregistered, cross-sectional study, we investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19 using a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0–100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n = 4148) or negative (C19−; n = 546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified univariate and multivariate predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery. Both C19+ and C19− groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean ± SD, C19+: −82.5 ± 27.2 points; C19−: −59.8 ± 37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both univariate and multivariate models (ROC AUC = 0.72). Additional variables provide negligible model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms (e.g., fever). Olfactory recovery within 40 days of respiratory symptom onset was reported for ~50% of participants and was best predicted by time since respiratory symptom onset. We find that quantified smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 amongst those with symptoms of respiratory illness. To aid clinicians and contact tracers in identifying individuals with a high likelihood of having COVID-19, we propose a novel 0–10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss, the ODoR-19. We find that numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (4 < OR < 10). Once independently validated, this tool could be deployed when viral lab tests are impractical or unavailable.
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| 2. |
- Parma, Valentina, et al.
(författare)
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More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 45:7, s. 609-622
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19–79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (−79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (−69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (−37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.
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| 3. |
- Marton, Jan, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Financial Accounting
- 2023. - 1
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Financial accounting is a process that goes from the company’s transactions, through the accounting system and production of financial statements, to the use and analysis of the information by external parties. The analysis of financial statements is the basis for many important decisions. This book explains the fundamental role of financial accounting in the economy.The book covers both technical and conceptual aspects of financial accounting. The double-entry accounting system forms the technical base of financial accounting. There are also chapters that explain how to prepare a cash flow statement and consolidated financial statements. Learning how to analyze financial statements is supported by hands-on calculation of important ratios.The book has a strong conceptual focus, emphasizing that an understanding of concepts is necessary for a full understanding of financial accounting. It starts with a discussion of the functions of financial accounting, and the reason it exists. There is a substantial focus both on how different financial statements are linked and the conceptual meaning of the items in those statements. Accounting principles are discussed. Finally, the conceptual meaning of different ratios is discussed from a financial statement user perspective.
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| 6. |
- Marton, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Redovisning : Från bokföring till analys
- 2022. - 5
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Redovisning är en process som omfattar allt från företagets transaktioner och omständigheter, till den analys och användning av företagets redovisnings information som slutligen sker. Redovisning ligger också till grund för en lång rad viktiga beslut. Vi vill med den här boken visa att redovisning är någonting helt fundamentalt i samhället och ett ämne som är både roligt, spännande och viktigt!Boken består av fem delar. I dessa delar illustreras hur1. Redovisningen tar avstamp i de transaktioner och omständigheter som uppstår i företagets vardag.2. Transaktioner noteras i företagets bokföring med den grundläggande logik som all redovisning bygger på.3. De finansiella rapporterna upprättas genom summeringar men även en stor mängd subjektiva bedömningar. Upplysningar och tilläggsinformation behövs också för att informationen i rapporterna ska kunna förstås.4. Redovisningsprinciper och redovisningsregler har en avgörande betydelse för redovisningen.5. Redovisningsinformation kan konsumeras av användare utanför företaget som vill bilda sig en uppfattning om hur det går för företaget, ofta genom att jämföra företaget med andra företag, något som ofta kräver användning av så kallade nyckeltal.Till boken finns ett gediget övningsmaterial i form av en övningsbok som täcker huvudbokens samtliga delar. Den innehåller ett stort antal övningar med full ständiga lösningsförslag och kommentarer.
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