| 1. |
- Tuvesson, Hanna, et al.
(author)
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The ward atmosphere important for the psychosocial work environment of nursing staff in psychiatric in-patient care
- 2011
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In: BMC Nursing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6955 .- 1472-6955. ; 10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The nursing staff working in psychiatric care have a demanding work situation, which may be reflected in how they view their psychosocial work environment and the ward atmosphere. The aims of the present study were to investigate in what way different aspects of the ward atmosphere were related to the psychosocial work environment, as perceived by nursing staff working in psychiatric in-patient care, and possible differences between nurses and nurse assistants.METHODS: 93 nursing staff working at 12 general psychiatric in-patient wards in Sweden completed two questionnaires, the Ward Atmosphere Scale and the QPSNordic 34+. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman rank correlations and forward stepwise conditional logistic regression analyses.RESULTS: The data revealed that there were no differences between nurses and nurse assistants concerning perceptions of the psychosocial work environment and the ward atmosphere. The ward atmosphere subscales Personal Problem Orientation and Program Clarity were associated with a psychosocial work environment characterized by Empowering Leadership. Program Clarity was related to the staff's perceived Role Clarity, and Practical Orientation and Order and Organization were positively related to staff perceptions of the Organizational Climate.CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present study indicate that several ward atmosphere subscales were related to the nursing staff's perceptions of the psychosocial work environment in terms of Empowering Leadership, Role Clarity and Organizational Climate. Improvements in the ward atmosphere could be another way to accomplish improvements in the working conditions of the staff, and such improvements would affect nurses and nurse assistants in similar ways.
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| 2. |
- Harrie, Lars, et al.
(author)
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An evaluation of measures for quantifying map information
- 2010
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In: ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-2716. ; 65:3, s. 266-274
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A real-time map must not contain too much information. Therefore, we need measures of map information that could guideline the selection of data layers and the real-time generalisation process. In this paper we evaluate measures of amount of information and distribution of information. The evaluation is performed by (1) defining measures, (2) implementing the measures, (3) computing the measures for some test maps, and finally (4) comparing the values of the measures with human judgement of the map information. For amount of information, we found that the measures number of objects, number of points and object line length had better correspondence with human judgement than object area. We also found that measures based on the size of Voronoi regions (of objects respective points) can be used for identifying distribution of information. The results are based on the testing of only building objects. Future work should extend the test, using all object types.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Harrie, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Kartografiska aspekter av geodataportalen
- 2010
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In: Kart och Bildteknik: mapping and image science. - 1651-792X. ; :2009:2, s. 22-25
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Stigmar, Hanna, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of Analytical Measures of Map Legibility
- 2011
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In: Cartographic Journal. - 0008-7041. ; 48:1, s. 41-53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The generation of maps in real-time web-services introduces challenges concerning map legibility. As these services lack the important input of a traditional cartographer, analytical measures of the legibility are called for. The aim of this study was to develop such legibility measures, and to evaluate them with the help of expert users. Measures of the amount of information, spatial distribution and object complexity were developed and evaluated. The results indicated that some of the measures could be used to describe map legibility.
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| 8. |
- Stigmar, Hanna
(author)
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Making 21st Century Maps Legible - Methods for Measuring and Improving the Legibility and Usability of Real-Time Maps
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The research presented in this thesis has focused on methods for improving the legibility and usability of maps in real-time map services. The aim has been threefold: to create methods to increase the cartographic quality of maps in map services, to develop methods to measure the legibility, as perceived by the user, and to evaluate the quality of maps. Map services are becoming increasingly common. This is a result of improved technology and an increasing number of ideas and requests for map applications. Some examples of map applications are: positioning services, navigation services and services for searching, viewing and downloading geospatial information. However, it is a challenge to produce good maps without the input of a cartographer. Therefore, in order to increase the cartographic quality in map services, we need to improve the automatic methods. In this thesis, a framework consisting of appropriate methods, which need to be established, are presented. The methods are divided into five categories: semantic, conflation, generalization, label placement and symbolization methods. This thesis presents studies of the last four categories. Conflation is required for map services that display related information from several sources to avoid inconsistencies. In the work presented in this thesis, conflation methods have been developed in order to integrate routes into topographic maps. The datasets have been merged into one in order to improve the quality of the representation of objects and to resolve geometric inconsistencies. Generalization methods are performed in order to reduce or avoid clutter. In order to guide generalization and achieve legible maps for real-time map services, we need analytical descriptions, or constraints, that describe the legibility of maps. In the work presented in this thesis, map legibility measures have been divided into four types: amount of information, spatial distribution, object complexity and graphical resolution. A number of measures of each category, and methods for describing synthesis of measures, have been evaluated. The results showed that legibility measures and syntheses of these can provide valuable help in describing map legibility. Label placement methods concerns text and icons. In the work presented in this thesis a method for performing icon placement in real-time has been developed. With this method, icons are placed in positions where they obscure as little map information as possible. Good label placement like this aids the map reader in interpreting information provided by the map. Symbolization methods are essential to ensure good representation of geographic data from different sources. In the work presented in this thesis different symbolizations have been evaluated in order to find the most appropriate type to use for maps in map services. Map services require symbolization methods that can provide appropriate colours and good contrast between symbols from different datasets in real-time. The correct use of symbology allows visual hierarchies to be created, more detailed geometric information to be discerned and different object types to be discriminated. The work presented in this thesis has been performed with the overall aim to increase the usability of the maps in map services. A number of different user tests have been performed in order to evaluate the legibility and usability of maps. Usability focuses on the user rather than the product, arguing that not only is it important that the product itself functions well, but it must function well in its interaction with the user. In order to achieve this, a user-centred approach is invaluable, also concerning the design and development of maps and map services.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Stoter, Jantien, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation in generalisation
- 2014
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In: Abstracting geographic information in a data rich world : methodologies and applications of map generalisation. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319002033 ; , s. 259-297
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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