| 1. |
- Horikawa, Y, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 26:2, s. 163-175
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type 2 or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is the most common form of diabetes worldwide, affecting approximately 4% of the world's adult population. It is multifactorial in origin with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. A genome-wide screen for type 2 diabetes genes carried out in Mexican Americans localized a susceptibility gene, designated NIDDM1, to chromosome 2. Here we describe the positional cloning of a gene located in the NIDDM1 region that shows association with type 2 diabetes in Mexican Americans and a Northern European population from the Botnia region of Finland. This putative diabetes-susceptibility gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed member of the calpain-like cysteine protease family, calpain-10 (CAPN10). This finding suggests a novel pathway that may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.
|
|
| 2. |
- Beral, V, et al.
(författare)
-
Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
|
|
| 3. |
- Wu, Y.-H., et al.
(författare)
-
Surface diffusion limited nucleation of Ge dots on the Si(001) surface
- 2002
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formation of Ge islands during MBE growth is a spontaneous process and these islands, i.e. dots, are usually randomly arranged. In order to implement these nanoscaled islands into device applications, ordering of epitaxial dots is a crucial step. We report a study on the MBE growth of Ge islands on Si(001) substrates, containing <110>-oriented square and long stripe type patterns defined by anisotropic wet etching of Si, in order to provide more understanding of how surface diffusion of Ge atoms would influence the formation of Ge islands on various types of surfaces. It has been found that there were preferential nucleation sites for Ge islands along the bottom edges of the Si ridges. The Ge islands at the edge positions were larger than those formed on the free surface and they could be regularly spaced. Due to the consumption of Ge at the bottom edges of ridge patterns, the density of Ge dots on the free surface varied between ˜ 3 × 108 and ˜ 1 × 109 cm-2 when changing the spatial separation between two adjacent Si ridges (2-100 µm). A Ge mean diffusion length of ˜ 7.5 µm has been determined for Ge growth at 700 °C. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 4. |
- Cao, Han, et al.
(författare)
-
Fabrication of 10 nm enclosed nanofluidic channels
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 81:1, s. 174-176
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We made uniform arrays of nanometer scale structures using nanoimprint lithography over large areas (100 mm wafers). The nanofluidic channels were further narrowed and sealed by techniques that are based on nonuniform deposition. The resulting sealed channels have a cross section as small as 10 nm by 50 nm, of great importance for confining biological molecules into ultrasmall spaces. These techniques can be valuable fabrication tools for Nanoelectromechanical Systems and Micro/Nano Total Analysis Systems.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Fahlman, Mats, et al.
(författare)
-
Iron-polyaniline interfaces : Implications for corrosion protection
- 2003
-
Ingår i: American Chemical Society Symposium Series (ACS). - 0097-6156 .- 1947-5918. ; 843, s. 76-89
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The early stages of interface formation between iron and a three-ring model molecule (trimer) of emeraldine base form of polyaniline (EB) were investigated using theoretical (DFT) and experimental (XPS) methods: Iron atoms were sputter-deposited in ultra high vacuum onto thin oligomer films, with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) core level spectra taken after each deposition. Similar studies were carried out for Fe sputter-deposited on EB polymer films as well. Based on the chemical shifts of the core level peaks and the theoretical results, iron was determined to donate charge (e(-)) into the trimer and EB films. The reverse case where thin films of trimer and EB were deposited on iron also was studied. The C(1s) core level shake up spectra show that the pi-electronic structure is modified for trimer and EB coatings on iron as compared to coatings on gold. (C) 2003 American Chemical Society.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Saha, B., et al.
(författare)
-
LEA-135 expression: its association with a lower risk of recurrence and increased overall survival of patients with lymph node-positive primary invasive breast cancer
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Anticancer Res. - 0250-7005. ; 24:4, s. 2391-2400
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A retrospective study was undertaken to determine and compare the prognostic significance of LEA-135 protein expression by immunohistochemistry with other prognostic pathological parameters, with respect to recurrence and overall survival. This study was conducted in freshly-frozen tissue sections from a cohort of 367 patients having primary invasive breast cancer, with axillary lymph node metastasis. The association of LEA-135 expression was compared with estrogen and progesterone receptor status, segmentectomy or radical mastectomy and hormonal therapy or chemotherapy in terms of recurrence or disease-free survival. Pathologic parameters including tumor size, histological tumor type and histological grade, as well as age of patients at the time of initial diagnosis, and the treatments, together with a median follow-up of 8.8 years were contemplated for the study. Among these parameters, tumor size and histological grade were individually and significantly associated with an increased probability of recurrence (log rank p<0.001 in both cases) and short survival (log ranks p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively), whereas age was only significantly associated with an increased probability of recurrence (log rank p=0.002) by univariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, both tumor size and histological grade remained statistically significant for recurrence (log rank p<0.001 and p=0.013, respectively) and overall survival (log ranks p<0.001 and p=0.016, respectively). Among the prognostic biomarkers, both ER and PR expression were associated with a decreased rate of recurrence (log ranks p<0.001 and p=0.008, respectively) and overall survival (log ranks p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively) by univariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, only the ER expression remained significantly associated with a decreased recurrence and increased overall survival (log ranks p=0.023 and p=0.002, respectively). Patients with high (>50% positive cells) or moderate (5-50% positive cells) number of LEA-135-positive cells had a lower probability (46%) of recurrence at 10 years after surgery compared to 76% in LEA-135-negative patients (log rank p<0.001) by univariate analysis. Moreover, the probability of overall survival was higher in patients with high or moderate expression of LEA-135 (46% and 47%, respectively) compared to LEA-135-negative patients (24%) by univariate analysis (log rank p=0.009). By multivariate analysis, the association remained statistically significant for recurrence (log rank p<0.001) and survival (log rank p=0.002). However, there was no significant association between LEA-135 and any of the pathological parameters, age, hormone receptor status, the mode of surgery or the form of therapy (chemo- and/or hormonal) received by this cohort of patients. The results show that an improved prognosis was directly associated with the density of LEA-135-positive cancer cells, while loss of LEA-135 expression was associated with an aggressive phenotype of cancer cells during breast cancer progression. Thus, LEA-135 expression can be implicated as a significant and independent biomarker to identify and distinguish high- from low-risk patients with lymph node-positive invasive breast cancer for an aggressive treatment. Moreover, according to the present results, LEA-135 expression appears to be associated with the tumor cells that have retained certain normal biological characteristics, leading to their lack of aggressiveness and hence a better prognosis.
|
|
| 10. |
- Westman, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
TEM study of the interface between HIPed silicon nitride and encapsulation borosilicate glass
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science. - 0022-2461 .- 1573-4803. ; 35:11, s. 2847-2854
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A transmission electron microscope study has been made of a silicon nitride component with 6 w/o yttrium oxide as a sintering aid hot isostatically pressed (HIP) with an encapsulation glass of borosilicate. The TEM study concentrated on the interface region between ceramic and glass. Two different types of hexagonal boron nitride were formed near the interface. One, with a textured structure, seemed to nucleate heterogeneously on the surfaces of silicon oxynitride grains. The (001) planes of the crystals extended outwards, giving a thickness of approximately 0.5 microns. The other type formed as hexagonally shaped grains separate from the first type and appeared to have grown as several segments in different directions around a nucleus. In each segment BN layers are parallel to each other and perpendicular to their common [001]BM direction. This second type of BN crystal was also detected a little further from the surface within the silicon nitride. The volume fraction of additive glassy phase tended to be lower in this surface region than in the bulk. Possible mechanisms of prevention of encapsulation glass penetration into the porous ceramic component during HIP were discussed
|
|
