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- Cesar, A, et al.
(författare)
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Resonant x-ray scattering beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation: Symmetry breaking in the oxygen resonant x-ray emission spectrum of carbon dioxide
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - 0021-9606. ; 106:9, s. 3439-3456
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although resonant x-ray scattering of molecules fulfills strict electronic symmetry selection rules, as now firmly proven by. spectra of diatomic molecules, the accumulated body of data for polyatomic molecules indicates that an apparent breaking of these rules represents the common situation rather than the exception. The CO2 molecule provides a good example of symmetry breaking, with the. oxygen x-ray emission spectra showing strong intensity for transitions that are forbidden by the parity selection rule. We present time-independent and time-dependent theories for frequency-dependent resonant x-ray scattering beyond, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in order to explore under what circumstances one can anticipate symmetry breaking in the spectra of polyatomic molecules. The theory starts out from the Kramers-Heisenberg dispersion relation and is generalized for vibrational degrees of freedom and for nonadiabatic coupling of the electronic (vibronic) states, including the frequency dependency of, the scattering cross section. Different Limiting cases and few-level models are considered. The symmetry breaking is proven to be the result of pseudo-Jahn-Teller-Like vibronic coupling between near-degenerate core-excited states. Thus vibromic interaction over the antisymmetric vibrational mode between the ''bright'' 1 sigma(g)(-1)2 pi(u)(-1) and ''dark'' 1 sigma(u)(-1)2 pi(u)(-1) intermediate states of CO2 allows transitions otherwise forbidden. The measurements and theory demonstrate that the symmetry-selective character of the resonant x-ray emission is strongly frequency dependent. The strong intensity of ''dipole-forbidden'' transitions in the pi* oxygen K spectrum at resonance is reduced monotonically with the detuning of the excitation energy from resonance, and the spectra become ''symmetry purified.'' Simulations with full vibronic coupling predict this feature of the x-ray scattering experiment and a few-level model explains the energy dependence of the symmetry selection and the symmetry purification at large detuning energies in the limit of narrowband photon excitation.
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- ELPHINSTONE, RD, et al.
(författare)
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OBSERVATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF SUBSTORM ONSET - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SUBSTORM PROCESS
- 1995
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 0148-0227. ; 100:A5, s. 7937-7969
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Multi-instrument data sets from the ground and satellites at both low and high altitude have provided new results concerning substorm onset and its source region in the magnetosphere. Twenty-six out of 37 substorm onset events showed evidence of azimuthal
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- Yi, Q, et al.
(författare)
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T and B lymphocytes reacting with the extracellular loop of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR) are present in the peripheral blood of patients with myasthenia gravis.
- 1996
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Ingår i: Clinical and experimental immunology. - 0009-9104. ; 103:1, s. 133-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eighteen percent of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) have serum antibodies against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the second extracellular loop of the human beta 2AR (residues 172-197). In this study we examined T and B cell responses to the peptide, using assays to detect individual cells secreting interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-4 or antibodies against the peptide, and by measuring thymidine incorporation in response to the peptide. The peptide from the beta 2AR induced cytokine secretion from blood mononuclear cells in 67% of MG patients, compared with 14-28% of the control groups. Cells secreting antibodies binding to the peptide were present in 54% of MG patients and in 19-28% of controls. The numbers of beta 2AR-reactive cells were higher in MG patients than in controls. Peptide-induced increase in thymidine incorporation in cells was also more frequently demonstrated in patients (26%) compared with controls (about 10%). Activation of cells was dependent on monocytes and on MHC class II DR antigen. Based on the pattern of the cytokine secretion induced, beta 2AR-reactive T cells comprise both T helper type-1 and type-2 subsets. In addition, control peptide-reactive T and B cells were much less frequently demonstrated in the patients, and the number of such cells did not differ between the groups. Our results show that beta 2AR-reactive cells are present in most patients with MG. Such autoreactive antibodies and cells might play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease by influencing the function of skeletal muscle and immune systems.
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