39991. |
- Schult, Tanja, 1973-
(author)
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The Universal hero Raoul Wallenberg
- 2009
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Raoul Wallenberg as Universal Hero Heroes of the 20th century were typically national heroes. National heroes are characterized by their willingness to sacrifice themselves for their nations, such as the countless soldiers who died while serving their countries, or through their extraordinary achievements in science, sports, or culture. Yuri Gagarin, the first cosmonaut of the USSR, was such a figure, as are contemporary celebrated athletes, who win medals for their nations, as well as civil heroes like Gandhi or Mandela. National heroes such as these and others who were placed on a high pedestal during the 19th century were celebrated as great men of their nations and in this capacity strengthened the nation-building process. The bourgeois example of the great son of the city, whose role was meant to manifest the power of that class, was also idealised. In contrast to such identities and functions, Raoul Wallenberg represents a different hero type: the non-patriotic or universal hero. Since the 1980s Wallenberg has been widely remembered for his humanitarian activities on behalf of the Hungarian Jews in Budapest at the end of World War II. He is known as the Swedish diplomat who disappeared into the Soviet Gulag in 1945, celebrated in many parts of the Western world as a great humanitarian, an exemplary role model who is used to teach human rights or civil courage. There exist 31 Wallenberg monuments in twelve countries on five continents: from Hungary to Sweden, from Canada to Chile, from Australia to Russia. The fact that Raoul Wallenberg is commemorated in so many countries worldwide reflects a change in attitude towards the hero-concept. It reflects the wish to find a figure which is considered a hero irrespective of national borders, religious beliefs, and ethnic identification. What is it that makes Wallenberg so suitable to be used in this manner? And do the forms of commemoration also reflect this change in attitude? Has the monument genre - misused by fascism and Stalinism, succeeded in finding new forms and acting as an adequate medium to commemorate a hero of our times? In my dissertation, A Hero’s Many Faces. Raoul Wallenberg in Contemporary Monuments (Palgrave Macmillan, April 2009), I explore what makes Wallenberg such a suitable hero icon in many democratic countries and in an age of globalization. His story incorporates a classical hero narrative which has survived the ‘un-heroic’ 20th century. And more than that: Wallenberg succeeds to represent a new hero-type and in so doing succeeds to imbue the monument genre with new meaning. By investigating how the different understandings of Wallenberg are expressed by the artists in their monuments, I demonstrate that the genre answers to the demands and ideals Wallenberg strove for and personified. In rendering the given subject, the artists have created new forms and contributed also to the personal monument genre, making it more democratic. The paper concentrates on Wallenberg’s heroic characteristics and his suitability to serve as a hero in the 21st century. A selection of Wallenberg monuments will illustrate this hero-framing and how it affected the entire monument genre.
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39992. |
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39993. |
- Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, 1970
(author)
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Radiocarbon dates and Bayesian modeling support maritime diffusion model for megaliths in Europe
- 2019
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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424. ; 116:9, s. 3460-3465
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There are two competing hypotheses for the origin of megaliths in Europe. The conventional view from the late 19th and early 20th centuries was of a single-source diffusion of megaliths in Europe from the Near East through the Mediterranean and along the Atlantic coast. Following early radiocarbon dating in the 1970s, an alternative hypothesis arose of regional independent developments in Europe. This model has dominated megalith research until today. We applied a Bayesian statistical approach to 2,410 currently available radiocarbon results from megalithic, partly premegalithic, and contemporaneous nonmegalithic contexts in Europe to resolve this long-standing debate. The radiocarbon results suggest that megalithic graves emerged within a brief time interval of 200 y to 300 y in the second half of the fifth millennium calibrated years BC in northwest France, the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic coast of Iberia. We found decisive support for the spread of megaliths along the sea route in three main phases. Thus, a maritime diffusion model is the most likely explanation of their expansion.
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39994. |
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39995. |
- Schwanborg, Ingrid, 1946-, et al.
(author)
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Kulturhistorisk klassificering av kyrkor : ett metodprojekt
- 1996
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In: Kulturmiljövård. - Stockholm : Riksantikvarieämbetet. - 1100-4800. ; :3-4, s. 84-97
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Att rangordna kyrkor efter deras kulturhistoriska värden -är det möjligt? Är det lämpligt, är det kanske farligt? Eller kommer det högt kulturhistoriskt värde därför att bli nödvändigt? I Kronobergs län pågår för närvarande ett metodförsök att definiera de kulturhistoriska värdena och formulera en kulturhistorisk målsättning för kyrkorna.
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39996. |
- Schwarz, Stephan
(author)
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Science, technology, and the niels bohr institute in occupied Denmark
- 2011
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In: Physics in Perspective. - : Springer Nature. - 1422-6944 .- 1422-6960. ; 13:4, s. 401-432
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- I argue that research in the basic sciences during the German occupation of Denmark, which began on April 9, 1940, suffered considerably, while research and development in technology enjoyed improved conditions as Danish industry moved toward the requirements of the German wartime economy. Several organizations were created to further Danish- German scientific and cultural collaboration or to manifest Danish cultural identity. The staff of the Danish Technical College and the number of their publications remained largely constant although no papers appeared in British or American journals after 1941. Danish universities massively resisted collaboration and maintained an illusion of "business as usual." At the Niels Bohr Institute, laboratory equipment continued to be constructed and developed and scientists continued to publish in Danish and other Scandinavian journals, although they were increasingly isolated owing to their inability to obtain foreign scientific journals and to correspond with foreign scientists. The Niels Bohr Institute was occupied from December 6, 1943, to February 3, 1944, a surprisingly short period, owing, I argue, to strategic compromises in following incompatible orders from the German army, security police, and civilian administration. Finally, I offer an interpretation of Niels Bohr's vehemently negative reaction to Werner Heisenberg in their meeting in Copenhagen in September 1941.
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39997. |
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39998. |
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39999. |
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40000. |
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