| 61. |
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| 62. |
- Jeppsson, Sofia
(författare)
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Retributivism and uncertainty : Why do we punish criminals?
- 2021
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Why do we have a criminal justice system? What could possibly justify the state punishing its citizens? Retributivism is the view that we ought to give offenders the suffering that they deserve for harming others.
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| 63. |
- Åhman, Henrik
(författare)
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The aesthetic turn : Exploring the religious dimensions of digital technology
- 2016
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Ingår i: Approaching Religion. - 1799-3121. ; 6:2, s. 156-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The arena for developing digital technology has undergone an aesthetic turn, broadening the focus from a functionalist approach producing centralized systems in the 1970s and 1980s to an increased awareness of the aesthetic aspects of the individual user’s interaction with technology in the 1990s and 2000s. Within the academic research fields studying digital technology (e.g. Human-Computer Interaction and Interaction Design) the aesthetic turn has resulted in a shift from a strong emphasis on user behaviour to an increased interest in aesthetic perspectives on the role of the designer, the design process, and the design material. Within these fields, aesthetics has often been interpreted as belonging to the realm of the individual; personal experiences such as pleasure, engagement, and emotions have been emphasized in both technology development and technology research. Aesthetics is not, however, only an individual phenomenon but also has relational and structural components that need to be acknowledged. Structural aspects of aesthetics condition the possibilities for individuals interacting with digital technology. Thus, the tension between individual and relational aspects of aesthetics in digital technology also reflects a tension between freedom and limitation; between change and permanence; between destabilizing and stabilizing forces. Such a broadened understanding of aesthetics offers a model of digital technology that roughly corresponds to Mark C. Taylor’s definition of religion. Taylor argues that religion is constituted by, on the one hand, a figuring moment characterized by structural stability and universality, and, on the other hand, a disfiguring moment characterized by disruption, particularity, and change. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the aesthetic turn and Taylor’s definition of religion to illustrate similarities between the two, suggesting possible religious dimensions of digital technology and how that can inform our understanding of people’s interaction with digital technology.
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| 64. |
- Lindström, Niclas
(författare)
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Förhållandet mellan praxis och teori inom etiken
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main question of this thesis is if a practice is right because it is prescribed by an ethical theory, or if an ethical theory is right because it follows from certain practices? I propose the following definitions to illustrate the main alternatives: (1) if a practice is determined by an ethical theory and the ethical theory is not determined by practice, it is possible to speak of a top-down model of ethical thinking. (2) If a theory, conversely, is determined by a practice and the practice is not determined by theory, it can be described as a bottom-up model. (3) If a practice is used in order to determine an ethical theory, which in turn can be used to assess new practical situations in a constantly evolving process, it can be labelled an interaction model. (4) Finally, it is possible that certain practices are the basis of morality, and do not need to be systemized in any ethical theory. The focus of this study is on alternatives (2), (3) and (4) where practice is given due weight and is characterized by a rejection of a strictly theoretical approach to ethics. I address representatives from some of the most influential alternatives such as: (2) Albert R Jonsen & Stephen Toulmin (casuistry), (3) Jürgen Habermas (discourse ethics), Alasdair MacIntyre (virtue ethics), Jonathan Haidt (experimental ethics) and (4) John Dewey, Hilary Putnam and Richard Rorty (pragmatism). I also discuss how some prominent theologians, such as Stanley Hauerwas (Christian virtue ethics) and James Gustafson (theocentric ethics), deal with similar questions. The purpose of this study is therefore to identify various positions represented in the debate, and to examine which consequences they have for how decisions are made and justified within an ethical framework. I argue that the strength of models that include practical concerns in ethical thinking is that they can contribute to our understanding of why ideals, norms and values differ between various social spheres, and how they change over time. Instead of taking the traditional position, where a basic assumption about the nature of moral questions is crucial to identify a reliable approach, it is possible to assess which approaches give reliable results and use these to identify the factors relevant to answer moral questions. I identify two main alternatives: a paradigmatic and a discursive way of treating moral issues. They address various aspects of human life and action, which means that they do not exclude, but rather enrich each other in the context of an overall debate. It seems possible that both types of studies can provide reasons for performing an action or accepting a theory, which can then be revised and give rise to new positions. From such a perspective, neither the image of man and the world, nor our standards, ideals and values are necessarily static, but can be revised and reconsidered within the context of a changing social, cultural and historical context.
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| 65. |
- Giovagnoli, Raffaela, et al.
(författare)
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Robotics and the quality of life: the case of robotics assisted surgery
- 2019
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Ingår i: Philosophical Inquiries. - : EDIZIONI ETS. - 2282-0248 .- 2281-8618. ; 7:1, s. 77-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Robotics is one of the most developing technological field that combines many scientific disciplines and has important social, ethical and economical effects. The philosophical debate on Artificial Intelligence is part of the classical branch of the philosophy of mind and developed interesting results crossing several disciplines (such as psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, neurobiology etc.). Many interesting views moved mostly from Turing challenges about human and machine intelligence. After a general presentation of new trends in the ambit of AI, which try to intend computing as natural and embodied, we present the case of robotics assisted surgery as a very important example of a practice which requires also practical considerations.
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| 66. |
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| 67. |
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| 68. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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The Best Interest of Children and the Basis of Family Policy: The Issue of Reproductive Caring Units
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cutas, D & Chan, S (eds.). Families: Beyond the Nuclear Ideal. - London and New York : Bloomsbury Academic. - 9781780930107
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The notion of the best interest of children figures prominently in family and reproductive policy discussions and there is a considerable body of empirical research attempting to connect the interests of children to how families and society interact. Most of this research regards the effects of societal responses to perceived problems in families, thus underlying policy on interventions such as adoption, foster care and temporary assumption of custodianship, but also support structures that help families cope with various challenges. However, reference to the best interest of children can also be applied to a more basic issue in family policy, namely that of what is to be considered a family in the first place. This issue does not raise any questions regarding the proper conditions for when society should intervene in or change the family context of a child. Rather, it is about what social configurations should be recognized as a potentially fitting context for children to enter into and (if all goes well) eventually develop into adulthood within /.../ such that society’s default institutional arrangements allow it to have (by sexual and artificial reproduction, adoption, and combinations of these), care for and/or guard children. [This] will frame any further discussion of /.../ policies having further implications for, for example, the practices of adoption and reproductive technology, as well as regulation of custody in the event of separation or parental disagreement.
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| 69. |
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| 70. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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A Framing Problem of Public Health Ethics: Addressing the Fundamental Issue of Scope
- 2014
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Ingår i: 12th World Congress of Bioethics, Mexico City, June 24-28, 2014.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This talk builds on earlier discussion by myself (2008), Coggon (2010), Dawson (2011), Verweij & Dawson (2007), Wilson (2009) et al regarding the basic (normative) goal(s) of public health (PH). It addresses a fundamental issue regarding the foundations of PH ethics of particular interest to the ethics of global health. Regardless of exact proposal on what values are important, there is consensus that the goal of PH must be phrased in terms of a population. However, when that general notion is to be applied (e.g. the classic idea of promoting population health), the issue of what polulation is the relevant one arises, possible to phrase in terms of how wide/restricted the scope of the beneficiaries of an ethically justifiable PH policy should be. That query turns into a conundrum, as no possibly underlying ethical theoretical stance that might otherwise readily serve to answer it seems to fit as a PH ethical foundational assumption. This goes, e.g., for the argument for expanding national health concerns into global ones built on the notion of rights (Pogge 2008). Neither does any existing idea about the goals of PH imply anything specific, but seems rather to be compatible with any possible framing of the scope of ethical PH work. E.g. national PH policy may just as well contribute to realising the PH goals for a small minority population, as for the entire global community. The paper works out the details of this basic framing problem and sketches two alternative suggested routes for approaching its solution, based on Derek Parfit's (1984) notion of "aims" of ethical theories, and pragmatic metaethical ideas in the spirit of Hume, Mackie, Wong, Rawls and others. A provisional argument is made to the benefit of the second route.
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