| 2361. |
- Geiger, Harri, et al.
(författare)
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Locating the depth of magma supply for volcanic eruptions, insights from Mt. Cameroon
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mt. Cameroon is one of the most active volcanoes in Africa and poses a possible threat to about half a million people in the area, yet knowledge of the volcano’s underlying magma supply system is sparse. To characterize Mt. Cameroon’s magma plumbing system, we employed mineral-melt equilibrium thermobarometry on the products of the volcano’s two most recent eruptions of 1999 and 2000. Our results suggest pre-eruptive magma storage between 20 and 39 km beneath Mt. Cameroon, which corresponds to the Moho level and below. Additionally, the 1999 eruption products reveal several shallow magma pockets between 3 and 12 km depth, which are not detected in the 2000 lavas. This implies that small-volume magma batches actively migrate through the plumbing system during repose intervals. Evolving and migrating magma parcels potentially cause temporary unrest and short-lived explosive outbursts, and may be remobilized during major eruptions that are fed from sub-Moho magma reservoirs.
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| 2362. |
- Geiger, Harri
(författare)
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Trans-crustal magma storage in contrasting tectonic settings
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Magmatic plumbing systems comprise magma chambers, sheet intrusions, and conduits which link the Earth’s deep interior with the Earth’s surface. As such, they are the structural framework of magma transport and storage that is governed by complex physical and chemical processes in magma reservoirs and through the interaction of magma bodies with surrounding crustal rocks over timescales from hours to millions of years. These geological processes, in turn, play a vital role in controlling eruptive behaviour and the magnitude of associated volcanic eruptions that impact the environment as well as human society. Our understanding of the nature and location of magmatic processes and plumbing system architecture remains, however, fragmentary. This lack of knowledge can partly be attributed to limits regarding the spatial resolution of geophysical methods and partly to geochemical uncertainties and errors in associated models. Ongoing advances in analytical techniques increase spatial, temporal, and chemical resolution, hence enabling us to gather more detailed knowledge on the structure and dynamics of magmatic systems, especially for individual volcanoes, but also in respect to the long-term evolution of magmatic provinces and ultimately the Earth as a whole. This process-oriented thesis examines fossil and active magmatic plumbing systems in Iceland, Indonesia, Cameroon, and the Canary Islands by applying a combination of traditional and state-of-the-art petrological and geochemical methods, mineral(-melt) thermobarometric modelling, and isotopic analytical techniques. The results add valuable insights to the growing body of evidence for multi-tiered plumbing systems in a number of volcano-tectonic settings and underline the importance of shallow-level magma storage and its influence on magma evolution and hazardous volcanic eruptions.
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| 2363. |
- Gelting, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Fractionation of iron species and iron isotopes in the Baltic Sea euphotic zone
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 7:8, s. 2489-2508
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To indentify sources and transport mechanisms of iron in a coastal marine environment, we conducted measurements of the physiochemical speciation of Fe in the euphotic zone at three different locations in the Baltic Sea. In addition to sampling across a salinity gradient, we conducted this study over the spring and summer season. Moving from the riverine input characterized low salinity Bothnian Sea, via the Landsort Deep near Stockholm, towards the Gotland Deep in the Baltic Proper, total Fe concentrations averaged 114, 44, and 15 nM, respectively. At all three locations, a decrease in total Fe of 80-90% from early spring to summer was observed. Particulate Fe (PFe) was the dominating phase at all stations and accounted for 75-85% of the total Fe pool on average. The Fe isotope composition (δ 56Fe) of the PFe showed constant positive values in the Bothnian Sea surface waters (+0.08 to +0.20‰). Enrichment of heavy Fe in the Bothnian Sea PFe is possibly associated to input of aggregated land derived Fe-oxyhydroxides and oxidation of dissolved Fe(II). At the Landsort Deep the isotopic fractionation of PFe changed between -0.08‰ to +0.28‰ over the sampling period. The negative values in early spring indicate transport of PFe from the oxic-anoxic boundary at ∼80 m depth. The average colloidal iron fraction (CFe) showed decreasing concentrations along the salinity gradient; Bothnian Sea 15 nM; Landsort Deep 1 nM, and Gotland Deep 0.5 nM. Field Flow Fractionation data indicate that the main colloidal carrier phase for Fe in the Baltic Sea is a carbon-rich fulvic acid associated compound, likely of riverine origin. A strong positive correlation between PFe and chl-a indicates that cycling of suspended Fe is at least partially controlled by primary production. However, this relationship may not be dominated by active uptake of Fe into phytoplankton, but instead may reflect scavenging and removal of PFe during phytoplankton sedimentation.
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| 2364. |
- Gelting, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Physicochemical speciation of iron in the Baltic sea
- 2007
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Ingår i: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. - 0016-7037 .- 1872-9533. ; 71:15S, s. A315-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Size fractionated classes of Fe in surface water at two stations, one in central Baltic Sea (the Landsort Deep) and one in Bothnian Sea, were measured from spring until autumn to evaluate temporal variations in the physicochemical speciation. Membrane filtration, cross-flow ultrafiltration and DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) were among the applied techniques. Average concentrations for total,
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| 2365. |
- Gelting, Johan
(författare)
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Speciation of trace metals in the Baltic Sea with focus on the Euphotic zone
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Physicochemical speciation of iron (Fe) and the trace metals Cd, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn were performed at four different locations in surface waters of the Baltic Sea. Measurements were performed during several months of the growth season at each station to obtain a detailed picture of the temporal variation in relation to phytoplankton growth. The main target was to understand the speciation of iron, and to evaluate if Fe was limiting in primary production. A methodological aim of the thesis work was focused on comparison between trace metal speciation methods; where the DGT method was calibrated to other methods and also to use the DGT method find out which mechanisms that control the labile fraction. Other methods, such as CSV, CL-FIA and Fe isotope measurements (MC-ICP-MS) were used to further evaluate the changes in the Fe fractions.Concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cd measured by DGT during 2003 and 2004 were similar to concentrations measured in
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| 2366. |
- Gelting, Johan
(författare)
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Trace metal speciation in the Baltic sea
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Physicochemical speciation of metals in natural waters is very important for understanding their distribution, mobility, bioavailability and toxicity. To be able to understand the behaviour of an aqueous element and the transformation between chemical and physical species, there is a need for reliable methods that enable measurements of specific fractions of metals. Many different techniques are used for metal speciation, of which many suffer from problems. Ultrafiltration has frequently been used to study speciation of metals in natural waters. A possible alternative or complement to ultrafiltration is the technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), a novel technique which provides an in situ measurement of labile metal species. DGT accumulates metals in a time- integrated way and produces a mean concentration over the chosen deployment period. DGT- labile metals may be regarded as a measure of the bioavailable amount, since the DGT simulates the diffusion process that occurs when a metal is diffusing into a cell membrane. This thesis is focused on the DGT technique for sampling and determination of labile species in the Baltic Sea. The aim of this study was to compare the trace metal speciation methods; DGT, 1 kDa ultrafiltration, 0.22µm membrane filtration and unfiltered water, to study the dynamics for the DGT labile fractions to find out which mechanisms that control the labile fraction. In 2003 and 2004, DGT and 1 kDa ultrafiltration were simultaneously applied at two sampling stations in the Baltic Sea with different salinity and trace metal concentrations. Baltic Sea concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cd measured by DGT during 2004 were similar to the concentrations measured in 1 kDa ultrafiltered samples, especially for Mn. Cu and Ni, showed noticeably higher concentrations in ultrafiltered water than DGT-labile concentrations. This indicates the existence of low molecular weight Cu and Ni species, small enough to pass through the 1 kDa, but can also be a sign of high degree of organic complexation which will lead to an underestimation in the DGT labile fraction. The dynamics of DGT-labile trace metals during 2004 show quite large variations during the season at 0.5 to 40 meters depth. From May to August, Cu, Cd and Mn drop about 35, 50% and 60% respectively. Ni decreased about 25% late April to late June but was slightly recovered at late season. The only elements that showed good correlation between DGT-labile species to dissolved phase (0.22µm filtrate) was Mn and Cd. DGT labile Mn is probably controlled by oxidizing bacteria during most of the sampling period, and DGT labile Co, Cd and to some extent Zn seem to follow this process. It should be noted that Mn is closely correlated to P, a relationship which need further investigations. Cu and Ni are controlled by other processes, where influence from primary production may be one. This is the first comparison of DGT and 1 kDa ultrafiltration regarding trace metals in brackish waters. Strong correlations between the methods imply that DGT can be a simple alternative to an ultrafiltration procedure. It is also the first study on trace metals in the Baltic Sea where measurements were performed at high temporal resolution during several months.
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| 2367. |
- Genuis, Stephen J., et al.
(författare)
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Blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study : monitoring and elimination of bioaccumulated toxic elements
- 2011
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Ingår i: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-4341 .- 1432-0703. ; 61:2, s. 344-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is limited understanding of the toxicokinetics of bioaccumulated toxic elements and their methods of excretion from the human body. This study was designed to assess the concentration of various toxic elements in three body fluids: blood, urine and sweat. Blood, urine, and sweat were collected from 20 individuals (10 healthy participants and 10 participants with various health problems) and analyzed for approximately 120 various compounds, including toxic elements. Toxic elements were found to differing degrees in each of blood, urine, and sweat. Serum levels for most metals and metalloids were comparable with those found in other studies in the scientific literature. Many toxic elements appeared to be preferentially excreted through sweat. Presumably stored in tissues, some toxic elements readily identified in the perspiration of some participants were not found in their serum. Induced sweating appears to be a potential method for elimination of many toxic elements from the human body. Biomonitoring for toxic elements through blood and/or urine testing may underestimate the total body burden of such toxicants. Sweat analysis should be considered as an additional method for monitoring bioaccumulation of toxic elements in humans
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| 2368. |
- Genuis, Stephen John, et al.
(författare)
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Toxic element contamination of natural health products and pharmaceutical preparations
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Concern has recently emerged regarding the safety of natural health products (NHPs)-therapies that are increasingly recommended by various health providers, including conventional physicians. Recognizing that most individuals in the Western world now consume vitamins and many take herbal agents, this study endeavored to determine levels of toxic element contamination within a range of NHPs. Methods: Toxic element testing was performed on 121 NHPs (including Ayurvedic, traditional Chinese, and various marine-source products) as well as 49 routinely prescribed pharmaceutical preparations. Testing was also performed on several batches of one prenatal supplement, with multiple samples tested within each batch. Results were compared to existing toxicant regulatory limits. Results: Toxic element contamination was found in many supplements and pharmaceuticals; levels exceeding established limits were only found in a small percentage of the NHPs tested and none of the drugs tested. Some NHPs demonstrated contamination levels above preferred daily endpoints for mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic or aluminum. NHPs manufactured in China generally had higher levels of mercury and aluminum. Conclusions: Exposure to toxic elements is occurring regularly as a result of some contaminated NHPs. Best practices for quality control-developed and implemented by the NHP industry with government oversight-is recommended to guard the safety of unsuspecting consumers
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| 2369. |
- German, C, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrothermal impacts on trace element and isotope ocean biogeochemistry
- 2016
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 1364-503X .- 1471-2962. ; 374:2081
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrothermal activity occurs in all ocean basins, releasing high concentrations of key trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) into the oceans. Importantly, the calculated rate of entrainment of the entire ocean volume through turbulently mixing buoyant hydrothermal plumes is so vigorous as to be comparable to that of deep-ocean thermohaline circulation. Consequently, biogeochemical processes active within deep-ocean hydrothermal plumes have long been known to have the potential to impact global-scale biogeochemical cycles. More recently, new results from GEOTRACES have revealed that plumes rich in dissolved Fe, an important micronutrient that is limiting to productivity in some areas, are widespread above mid-ocean ridges and extend out into the deep-ocean interior. While Fe is only one element among the full suite of TEIs of interest to GEOTRACES, these preliminary results are important because they illustrate how inputs from seafloor venting might impact the global biogeochemical budgets of many other TEIs. To determine the global impact of seafloor venting, however, requires two key questions to be addressed: (i) What processes are active close to vent sites that regulate the initial high-temperature hydrothermal fluxes for the full suite of TEIs that are dispersed through non-buoyant hydrothermal plumes? (ii) How do those processes vary, globally, in response to changing geologic settings at the seafloor and/or the geochemistry of the overlying ocean water? In this paper, we review key findings from recent work in this realm, highlight a series of key hypotheses arising from that research and propose a series of new GEOTRACES modelling, section and process studies that could be implemented, nationally and internationally, to address these issues. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Biological and climatic impacts of ocean trace element chemistry’.
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| 2370. |
- Glaccum, R., et al.
(författare)
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(Na, K)-phillipsite: Its stability conditions and geochemical role in the deep sea
- 1976
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Ingår i: Marine Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-3227 .- 1872-6151. ; 21:1, s. 47-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phillipsite occurs in the deep sea in areas of very slow sedimentation and as the final alteration product of basalt, suggesting that it is thermodynamically stable. The thermodynamic data for gibbsite, kaolinite, K-feldspar, Na-feldspar, analcime and H4 SiO4 (aq), as well as the activities of seawater constituents are reasonably well known. These values and estimated entropies for Na- and K-phillipsites permit an estimate of the free energy of formation (at 25°C) for Na-phillipsite (5337.6 ± 6.7 kcal/mole) and for K-phillipsite (5382.4 ± 1.9 kcal/mole). The decomposition of phillipsite to analcime at 250°C yields the same result, suggesting that phillipsite is indeed a stable mineral. Phillipsite does not regulate the concentration of Na+ and K+ in seawater, but probably affects the pH of bottom waters and the composition of interstitial waters. No indications exist of "frozen in" equilibria from hydrothermal reactions at 100-200°C as could be expected by submarine volcanism.
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