| 21001. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Happy but Dark: Using Quantitative Semantics to Investigate Facebook Status Updates
- 2014
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Ingår i: 26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ABSTRACT In two studies, the semantic content of Facebook status updates was found to contain information about individuals’ satisfying moments in their lives and “dark traits”. This is suggested to prime social comparison in other users; and that competing for peer-attention in Facebook activates traits such as Psychopathy and Narcissism. SUPPORTING SUMMARY Background In recent years an increasing number of articles have highlighted the negative side of using the social network Facebook. Researchers suggest that social comparison makes people unhappier, feel lonelier, and even more depressed⎯seeing the happy and rich lives of others leads to awareness of one’s own life. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge no study has directly linked peoples’ status updates (i.e., broadcast of current states or statements with own written words) to their subjective happiness; perhaps because of the lack of methods to quantify text and use standard statistical methods to compare quantifications of text data with psychometric measures. Moreover, the nature of social networking might prime individuals to express their “darker sides” when competing for social resources in Facebook. Here we used an innovative computational method (i.e., semantic spaces) to investigate if happiness (i.e., life satisfaction) and dark traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism) are present in Facebook users’ status updates. Method In Study 1, 304 participants were recruited from Mechanical Turk and asked to provide their 15 most recent status updates. Participants in Study 1 also self-reported life satisfaction along demographic variables. In Study 2, 56 participants self-reported “Dark Triad” personality: Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism. Afterwards, participants in Study 2 were randomly assigned to either write a daily activity of their own and to post it in their Facebook wall or to write a daily activity that would be handled highly confidential. The status updates from both studies were quantified using the Latent Semantic Algorithm (Landauer & Dumais, 1997). Results In Study 1 the semantic representation of status updates was related to self-reported life satisfaction. Moreover, using semantic spaces to quantify semantic representations of the “Dark Triad” traits, we found that Psychopathy and Narcissism were significantly higher in written daily activities of individuals randomly assigned to post it as a status update compared to those individuals randomly assigned to the confidential condition. Conclusion The results confirm that semantic content of status updates contains information about satisfying moments in their lives, which might prime social comparison in other users; and that competing for peer-attention and social resources in Facebook activates “dark traits” such as Psychopathy and Narcissism.
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| 21002. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
-
Happy but Dark: Using Quantitative Semantics to Investigate Facebook Status Updates
- 2014
-
Ingår i: 26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA..
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In two studies, the semantic content of Facebook status updates was found to contain information about individuals’ satisfying moments in their lives and “dark traits”. This is suggested to prime social comparison in other users; and that competing for peer-attention in Facebook activates traits such as Psychopathy and Narcissism.
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| 21003. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973
(författare)
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Happy today, happy tomorrow: The (non-)effect of temporal distance on judgments of Life Satisfaction
- 2011
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. ; 51:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Construal Level Theory (CLT; Trope & Liberman, 2003) posits that everyday life predictions, evaluations, and choices are influenced by how near or distant in time the event is. However, judgments of Life Satisfaction (LS) are relatively weakly influenced by situational factors and relatively strongly influenced by personality factors. Moreover, the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis (Schacter & Addis, 2007a, 2007b) implies that memory of past events provides details for simulations of future novel experiences. Undergraduate students (N = 127) were randomly asked for how desirable LS was and for actual judgements of LS in the near- or distant-future. The results show that LS was more desirable in the distantfuture. Thus, indicating that LS is abstractly assessed and judgments of LS should therefore be influenced by temporal distance as predicted by CLT. However, no significant differences in actual LS were found between conditions. Implications for theory development are discussed.
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| 21004. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973
(författare)
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Happy Today, Happy Tomorrow: The (Non-)Effect of Temporal Distance on Life Satisfaction
- 2011
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Ingår i: 23rd Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. Washington, DC, USA..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Construal Level Theory (CLT; Trope & Liberman, 2010) posits that everyday life predictions, evaluations, and choices are influenced by how near or distant in time the event is. Temporal distance influences individuals’ responses to future events by changing the way they construe those events. Specifically, near events are constructed as more concrete, complex and contextualized (i.e., low level construals). In contrast, distant events are constructed as more abstract, simple and decontextualized (i.e., high level construals; for more distinguishing features between construal levels see Trope & Liberman, 2003). As a consequence, because representations of distant events are abstract they receive higher value. Most of the CLT research and findings, however, are based on values and attitudes of near- and distant-events. For example, people seem to more eagerly apply their moral principles to distant- rather than near-future behaviors (Eyal, Liberman & Trope, 2008). As explained by Eyal and colleagues (2009, pp 35): “like values, people’s attitudes and personality traits sometimes serve as fair predictors of their behavior, but at other times fail to do so”. In contrast, judgments of Life Satisfaction (LS) are relatively weakly influenced by situational factors and relatively strongly influence by personality factors. The question is then if temporal distance influence LS in the same manner as values, ideologies, and moral principles. In Study 1, 127 undergraduate students were randomly asked for how desirable LS was in the near- and in the distant-future. The results show that LS was more desirable in the distant future. Thus, indicating that LS is abstractly assessed and judgments of LS should therefore be influenced by temporal distance. In Study 2, 169 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to four conditions: present, one week, one year, and ten years. Present LS was measured by the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), while in the other three conditions LS was measured by temporal manipulated versions of the SWLS. In contrast to predictions by CLT, no significant differences were found between conditions. Implications for theory development are discussed.
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| 21005. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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High School Pupils’ Academic Achievement, Self-regulation (Locomotion and Assessment), and Psychological Well-Being
- 2014
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Ingår i: PeerJ PrePrints. - : PeerJ. - 2167-9843. ; 2
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Education plays an important role on a personal level because it is related to personal control, a healthy lifestyle, greater income, employment, interpersonal relations, and social support (Mirowsky & Ross, 2003). Self-regulation is the procedure implemented by an individual striving to reach a goal and consists of two inter-related strategies: (1) the identification of the desired out-come and the appraisal of procedures to reach the desired goal (i.e., assessment), and (2) the selection between available approaches to reach the goal and the commitment to the chosen approaches until the goal is reached (i.e., locomotion) (Kruglanski et al, 2000). Self-regulation plays an essential role in academic achievement (Kruglanski et al 1994, 2000). Psychological well-being is a multi-faceted concept composed of six different intra-personal characteristics that describe the fully functional individual (Ryff, 1989). These factors are: positive relationships with others, self-acceptance, environmental mastery, autonomy, purpose in life, and personal growth. We aimed to study the relationship between academic achievement and self-regulation and psychological well-being in Swedish high school pupils. Method: Participants were 160 Swedish high school pupils (111 boys and 49 girls) with an age mean of 17.74 (sd = 1.29). We used the Assessment and Locomotion Scales (Kruglanski et al., 2000) to measure self-regulation and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales short version (Clark et al., 2001) to measure well-being. Academic achievement was operationalized through pupils’ final grades in Swedish, Mathematics, English, and Physical Education. The courses take place during either one or two semesters and the grading scale ranges from F = fail to A = pass with distinction. Results: Final grades in Swedish were positively related to two psychological well-being scales: self-acceptance and personal growth; and to the self-regulation strategy of assessment. Final grades in Mathematics were positively related to three psychological well-being scales: self-acceptance, autonomy, and personal growth; and also to assessment. Final grades in English were positively related to one psychological well-being scale: personal growth; and also to assessment. Final grades in Physical Education were positively related to four psychological well-being scales: environmental mastery, self-acceptance, autonomy, and personal growth; and also to the self-regulation strategy of locomotion. Conclusions: A profile consisting of assessment orientation combined with self-acceptance and personal growth leads to the best study results. This understanding is important when supporting pupils in achieving the best possible results in school and thus lay the formation for a continued successful life.
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| 21006. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Hälsa, välbefinnande och ohälsa bland långtidsarbetslösa [Health, Well-Being, and Mental Illness among Long-Term Unemployed]
- 2020
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Ingår i: FoU i Sverige - vad pågår?.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BAKGRUND: Att vara långtidsarbetslös (d.v.s. ≥ 6 månader) är associerat med psykiatriska problem och 37% högre risk för självmord, förmodligen därför att långtidsarbetslösa har, jämfört med normalbefolkningen, låga nivåer i vissa hälsorelaterade förmågor (d.v.s. Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence). SYFTE: I två studier undersökte vi olika mått på hälsa, välbefinnande och ohälsa bland långtidsarbetslösa (> 6 månader utan sysselsättning) i relation till kliniska (dvs. patienter diagnostiserade med Anorexia Nervosa) och normalpopulationer. METOD: Unga vuxna som var arbetslösa rekryterades vid början av olika projekt i södra Sverige. Deltagarna i Studie 1 (N1 = 281) svarade på The Public Health Surveillance Well-Being Scale (Bann et al., 2012), som mäter biopsychosocial hälsa: livstillfredsställelse, känsla av syfte och mening, glädje, hopp, tillfredsställelse med familj, vänner och energinivå, samt generell hälsotillstånd. Vi beräknade T-scores för deltagarnas hälsa genom att använda normdata på 5000 individer. Vi jämförde sedan långtidsarbetslösa med individer som hade varit arbetslösa 5 månader eller mindre. I Studie 2 svarade deltagarna (N2 = 266) på mått av subjektivt välbefinnande (dvs. Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule, Satisfaction with Life Scale) och ohälsa (dvs. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Defeat and Entrapment Scales). Deras svar jämfördes med patienter diagnostiserade med Anorexia Nervosa och individer i olika normalpopulationer. RESULTAT: I Studie 1, visade en variansanalys (ANOVA) att det fanns en signifikant medeleffekt (F(5, 247) = 5.91, p < .001, Partial Eta2 = .11) av tid som arbetslös och självrapporterad biopsykosocial hälsa. Precis som förväntat fanns det en signifikant skillnad (p < .001) mellan individer som hade varit arbetssökande i en månad eller mindre (T-Score medelvärde = 48.77) och de som hade varit arbetssökande i sex månader eller mer (T-Score medelvärde = 41.43) Ca. 30% av de individer som var långtidsarbetslösa (d.v.s. ≥ 6 månader) rapporterade nivåer av biopsykosocial hälsa som var 1,5 standardavvikelse eller lägre än normalpopulationen, medan enbart ca. 10% av de som hade varit arbetslösa en månad eller mindre rapporterade så låga nivåer av biopsykosocial hälsa. I Studie 2, rapporterade gruppen av långtidsarbetslösa signifikanta skillnader i positiva emotioner (t = -10.51, df = 199, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.77), livstillfredsställelse (t = -13.51, df = 201, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.87) och negativa emotioner (t = 12.34, df = 196, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.97) än normalpopulationen. Vi hittade inga signifikanta skillnader mellan långtidsarbetslösa och gruppen med Anorexia Nervosa patienter. De långtidsarbetslösa rapporterade även signifikant högre grad av ångest (t = 22.06, df = 204, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 1.70) och depression än normalpopulationen (t = 12.55, df = 204, p < .001, Cohen’s d = .91). Samtliga dessa skillnader var stora (Cohen’s d mellan 0.77-1.70) SLUTSATSER: I Studie 1 var det ca. en tredjedel av de långtidsarbetslösa som rapporterade lika låga nivåer av ohälsa som 15% av normalpopulationen. Studie 2 visade stora skillnader i välbefinnande och ohälsa mellan de långtidsarbetslösa och normalpopulationen. Medan det inte fanns skillnader i välbefinnande mellan långtidsarbetslösa och patienter, hittade vi lägre grader av ohälsa bland patientpopulationer än långtidsarbetslösa. Viktigt att komma ihåg är att avsaknaden av positiva emotioner är ibland en större prediktor av morbiditet och dödlighet än närvaron av negativa emotioner (Cloninger, 2004). Med det sagt, ca. 72% av deltagarna rapporterade nivåer av ångest som var över nivån som forskning indikerar för troligt behöv av psykiatrisk vård. Eftersom problemet är komplext och vi ser även en sårbarhet på individnivå, räcker det inte med att enbart göra arbetsmarknadsinsatser eller enbart göra hälso- och sjukvårdsinsatser. Med andra ord behöver eventuella insatser även fokusera på att påverka/utveckla roten av problemet (dvs. hälsorelaterade förmågor: självinsikt, självacceptans, samarbetsvilja, samhörighet och förmågan att uppleva flow och meningsfullhet) och att reducera stress. Sist men inte minst, med tanke på den graden av ohälsa som individer som är långtidsarbetslösa uppvisar, är det desto viktigare att använda evidensbaserade interventioner eller åtminstone följa upp effekten av insatserna med validerade instrument och metoder. Annars riskerar vi att göra dem immuna till interventioner som kanske skulle hjälpa dem.
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| 21007. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Innovative Methods for Affectivity Profiling: Latent Profile Analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Affective Profiles Model - 20 Years of Research and Beyond. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 49-65
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: During the past 20 years, an increasing number of studies have used the affective profiles model as the backdrop for the investigation of between and within individual differences in various biological, psychological, and social constructs related to well-being and ill-being. In most of the literature, researchers use individuals’ self-reported affectivity for profiling throughout three different approaches: (1) dividing scores into high and low in reference to the median, (2) cluster analysis, and (3) the rank order of each individual in a large sample from the general population (i.e., percentiles). Nevertheless, a less used approach has been the Latent Profile Analysis (LPA). Aim: In this Chapter, we investigated and verified the prevalence of the theorized affective profiles in a large adult population using LPA, mapped the prevalence of these affective profiles to gender and age, and investigated differences in life satisfaction and harmony in life. Method: The sample consisted of residents of the USA who had participated in three different published studies (e.g., Garcia et al., 2015a, 2015b; Nima et al., 2020a, 2020b) and one unpublished study. The samples were amalgamated for this specific Chapter and comprised 4781 individuals (2459 males, 2243 females, plus 79 who did not report gender) with a mean age of 34.66 years (SD = 12.12). While all participants self-reported affect, 2427 participants self-reported both life satisfaction and harmony in life, and the rest reported either life satisfaction or harmony in life. We used several fit indices and analyses of variance to validate the best representation of the affective profiles model. Results: The best fitting model generated by LPA consisted of three profiles: self-fulfilling (60% of participants), moderate affective (27% of participants), and high affective (13% of participants). The comparison of positive affect and negative affect between and within profiles indicated that individuals with these profiles were different from each other in expected ways. Regarding demographic variables, we found that the moderate affective profile was more prevalent among females and younger individuals, while the self-fulfilling and the high affective profiles were more prevalent among males and older individuals. Furthermore, individuals with a moderate affective profile had significantly lower levels of life satisfaction and harmony in life compared to those with the other two profiles. However, in contrast to past studies in Europe using other methods for affectivity profiling, individuals with a high affective profile had higher levels of life satisfaction, but equal levels of harmony in life, than individuals with a self-fulfilling profile. Conclusions: The LPA method successfully yielded a valid representation of the complex adaptive affectivity meta-system. For researchers who intend to use this method, we recommend the different fit indices used here to choose the best fitting model (1), to further validate the profiles in the chosen model by investigating between- and within-profiles differences in affectivity (2), to consider both age and gender (3), and to interpret any results in the context of cultural values that might influence the way individuals both pursue and experience emotions (4).
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| 21008. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Innovative Methods for Affectivity Profiling: Quantitative Semantics
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Affective Profiles Model - 20 Years of Research and Beyond. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 67-88
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Affectivity has been suggested as a complex adaptive meta-system composed of positive affect and negative affect, two independent but interrelated markers of well-being, that can be represented as four distinct affective profiles: self-fulfilling (high positive affect/low negative affect), high affective (high positive affect/high negative affect), low affective (low positive affect/low negative affect), and self-destructive (low positive affect/high negative affect). This model has been extensively studied during the last two decades and operationalized through well-developed self-report inventories (e.g., the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, PANAS) that use fixed items and rating scales (e.g., 5-point Likert scales). However, this type of self-reports preimpose which feelings and emotions that are part of people’s affective experiences. In other words, they do not allow people to freely describe their own emotional well-being at all levels of health: physical, psychological, and social. Aim: In this Chapter, we use computational methods (i.e., quantitative semantics) to study how the meaning of words that people freely generate to describe their physical, psychological, and social well-being can be quantified to measure positive affect and negative affect. We then use these semantic estimates of affect for affectivity profiling. The “semantic” affective profiles were validated by (1) mapping them to people’s self-reported affectivity (i.e., PANAS-scores) and (2) by investigating which words significantly discriminate between individuals with distinct “semantic” affective profiles. Method: Participants (N = 523) were asked to describe their physical, psychological, and social well-being using five words for each well-being domain. In addition, participants self-reported their affectivity through the PANAS. The affectivity profiling was done using the median splits method with participants’ PANAS-scores and then with the language-based semantic estimates of positive affect and negative affect. Results: The diagnostic analyses showed that people used significantly different and semantically distinctive words to describe their well-being: physical well-being using material words and agentic verbs; psychological well-being using emotional adjectives; and social well-being using communal words and nouns. Regarding our main analyses, the semantic estimates of positive affect predicted the positive affect PANAS-scores (physical: r = 0.31, psychological: r = 0.33, and social: r = 0.19) and the semantic estimates of negative affect predicted the negative affect PANAS-scores (physical: r = 0.27, psychological: r = 0.41, and social: r = 0.17). Moreover, individuals with a self-fulfilling profile used agentic (e.g., power, strong, intelligent, determined), communal (e.g., loving, kind, caring, support, helping, sharing, honest), and transcendental (e.g., spiritual, creative, and meaningful) words when describing their well-being, while those with a self-destructive profile used words that mirrored an outlook of separateness and poorly developed character and health (e.g., depressed, sad, anxious, guilty, isolated, lonely, pain, overweight, unhealthy, sick). Finally, individuals with high affective and low affective profiles used neutral words (e.g., aging, normal, average) and function words (e.g., on, the, and at), but also words mirroring extrovert (high affective: work, fun, and co-worker) and introvert tendencies (low affective: connected, close, and respect). Conclusions: We conclude that quantitative semantics is a promising method for affectivity profiling that should be further investigated. More specifically, the semantic estimates of affectivity derived from people’s own descriptions of their physical, psychological, and social well-being capture better the true nature of affect—after all, the affectivity dimensions involve more mood-related and social features and are not purely a measure of unconscious emotions or only certain emotions, but rather a conscious apprehension of the full range of our affective experience, which is an independent and interactive part of all well-being domains.
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| 21009. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction of Health-Related Personality Profiles (Temperament and Character) in Patients
- 2016
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Ingår i: Evidence Live 16, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A patient's personality is the result of the dynamic interaction of a complex non-linear biopsychosocial system and the external environment to which she/he is continuously adapting to. This interaction is what leads the person to make self-directed choices for her/his well-being, for example, avoiding overeating or smoking. We investigated how temperament profiles are related to character profiles among Swedish osteopathic patients (N = 524). Personality was measured using theTemperament and Character Inventory Revised. The patients' temperament profiles were constructed by dividing their scores in high and low (N = high novelty seeking, n = low novelty seeking, H = high harm avoidance, h = low harm avoidance, R = high reward dependence; r = low reward dependence): NHR "Sensitive", NHr "Explosive", NhR "Passionate", Nhr "Adventurous", nHR "Cautious", nHr "Methodical", nhR "Reliable", nhr "Independent". The character profiles were constructed in the same way (S = high self-directedness, C = high cooperativeness, T = high self-transcendence; s = low self- directedness, c = low cooperativeness, t = low self-transcendence): SCT "Creative", SCt "Organized", ScT "Fanatical", Sct "Autocratic", sCT "Moody", sCt "Dependent", scT "Disorganized", sct "Depressive". We compared temperament and character profiles to see whether there was an agreement between the different combinations of personality dimensions using an exact cell-wise analysis. The results showed, for example, that a "Disorganized" character profile was typical for both an "Explosive" (Chi2=13.06, p<.001) and a "Methodical" (Chi2=6.89, p<.01) temperament profile. Suggesting that health issues in patients with any of these temperament profiles need to address aspects related to the self and others (e.g., self-control, empathy). However, both of these temperament profiles were also typical for the "Depressive" character profile (Chi2=3.23, p<.05 and Chi2=15.03, p<.001, respectively). That is, some patients with these temperament profiles might also need to address aspects related to spirituality to improve their health. The understanding of the person in front might be facilitated by a systematic paradigm that explains personality as an adaptive complex biopsychosociospiritual system. For example, patients with an "Explosive" and/or "Methodical" temperament profile might need to address aspects related to self-control, empathy and/or spirituality to make self-directed choices to improve their own health.
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| 21010. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973
(författare)
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Interpretation and recognition for words in a short story (IRWSS)
- 2009
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Ingår i: PsycTESTS. - : American Psychological Association.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This instrument was constructed to monitor individual differences regarding interpretation of events and differences in recognition for those events. The instrument consists of a short story (a synopsis of The Alchemist; Coelho, 2002), a rating list of 48 words (highlighted in bold type in the story; real words) and a recognition list that include the 48 real words and 21 words not presented in the short story (false words). The 48 real words are 24 nouns and 24 adjectives equally distributed among three types: positive (e.g., friends, interesting), neutral (e.g., hands, large), and negative (e.g., thief, anxious). In an attempt to avoid a recency and/or a primacy effect favoring any of the three types of words; the structure of the story is as follows. First, the short story is divided in 10 paragraphs with about the same amount of words. Second, paragraph 2 – 9 contain 6 words in bold type each, in random order (2 positive, 2 neutral and 2 negative. 1 noun and 1 adjective for each type). Third, paragraph 1 and 10 was left without words in bold type in an attempt to make participants to notice the highlighted words enough to capture their attention without asking them to try to remember them. One advantage of the measure is that words can be included or excluded in order to meet the research questions. A positive condition can be achieved if participants receive a version with only positive words being highlighted, while a negative condition can be achieved if participants receive a version with only negative words being highlighted. Furthermore, the rating list can be distributed before or after the story. Likewise, the recognition list can be distributed shortly after the story or even days after the story. Both lists can also be combined to ask participants simultaneously to rate the words and to report recognition of the words.
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