| 4891. |
- Colombo, Armando Walter, et al.
(författare)
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A 70-Year Industrial Electronics Society Evolution Through Industrial Revolutions : The Rise and Flourishing of Information and Communication Technologies
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 15:1, s. 115-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Industrial Revolution, which originally involved the change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to a market dominated by factory mechanization during the early 18th century, has profoundly shaped the world. It has progressed through four disruptive phases: Industry 1.0 through Industry 4.0. Industry 1.0 encompassed early automation, while Industry 2.0 began at the end of the 19th century, when enormous technological advances were made, such as mass production, electrification, and new modes of transportation. Industry 3.0 began during the 1970s, a decade that gave rise to the electronics, telecommunications, and computing that enable full automation and robotics. Industry 4.0 kicked off at the dawn of the third millennium, marked by the ubiquitous use of Internet technologies, which have radically transformed how people, society, and industry interact.
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| 4892. |
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| 4893. |
- Cormack, Louise, et al.
(författare)
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Early-life disease exposure and its heterogeneous effects on mortality throughout life: Sweden 1905-2016
- 2024
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Ingår i: Demography. - 1533-7790. ; 61:4, s. 1187-1210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to infectious diseases in early life has been linked to increased mortality risk in later life in high-disease settings, such as eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe. Less is known about the long-term effects of early-life disease exposure in milder disease environments. This study estimates heterogeneous effects from disease exposure in infancy on later-life mortality in twentieth-century Sweden, by socioeconomic status at birth and sex. Using historical population data for southern Sweden, we study 11,515 individuals who were born in 1905–1929 from age 1 until age 85. We measure exposure to disease using the local post–early neonatal mortality rate in the first 12 months after birth and apply flexible parametric survival models. For females, we find a negative effect on life expectancy (scarring) at ages 1–85 following high disease exposure in infancy, particularly for those born to unskilled workers. For males, we find no negative effect on later-life survival, likely because stronger mortality selection in infancy outweighs scarring. Thus, even as the incidence of infectious diseases declined at the start of the twentieth century, early-life disease exposure generated long-lasting negative but heterogeneous population health effects.
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| 4894. |
- Creighton, Mathew, et al.
(författare)
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Migrants and the Diffusion of Low Marital Fertility in Belgium
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Interdisciplinary History. - 1530-9169. ; 42:4, s. 593-614
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedAlthough the diffusion of fertility behavior between different social strata in historical communities has received considerable attention in recent studies, the relationship between the diffusion of fertility behavior and the diffusion of people (migration) during the nineteenth century remains largely underexplored. Evidence from population registers compiled in the Historical Database of the Liège Region, covering the period of 1812 to 1900, reveals that migrant couples in Sart, Belgium, from 1850 to 1874 and from 1875 to 1899 had a reduced risk of conception. The incorporation of geographical mobility, as well as the migrant status of both husbands and wives, into this fertility research sheds light not only on the spread of ideas and behaviors but also on the possible reasons why the ideas and behaviors of immigrants might have been similar to, or different from, those of a native-born population.
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| 4895. |
- Dahlstrand, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Reaching the Poor: Some Observations on Formal and Informal Credit in Haiti
- 2007
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Ingår i: Savings and Development. - : Giordano Dell'amore Foundation. - 0393-4551. ; 31:2, s. 113-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article traces the evolution of credit to the poor in Haiti, mainly from the 1950s to the present. Two phases may be distinguished. The first one, characterized on the one hand by the dominance of informal lenders and on the other by unsuccessful efforts sponsored by the government to reach the peasant majority, extends from the beginning of the 1950s until the end of the 1970s. This was a period of failure from the point of view of formal credit, with a number of institutions that lent little to the needy and which had to be closed down for financial reasons. The second period, from the beginning of the 1980s to the present time, has seen the evolution of a new institutional framework: that of organized micro credits, mainly in urban areas, beginning in the capital and gradually extending into provincial towns as well. This approach is much more promising than the old one, and possibly it can be extended ito rural areas as well.
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| 4896. |
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| 4897. |
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| 4898. |
- Dahlström, Malin, 1979
(författare)
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European and Swedish cement cartels, 1930s-1960s: Stronger together
- 2022
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Ingår i: A History of Business Cartels International Politics, National Policies and Anti-Competitive Behaviour Edited ByMartin Shanahan, Susanna Fellman. - New York and London : Routledge. - 9781003128922 ; , s. 169-187
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- At the end of the 1930s, the main cement producers in Europe decided to come together to limit competition in the exports. The first cartel was short-lived due to the outbreak of the Second World War, a second cartel was formed in 1949 under the name Cembureau. In the chapter, special attention is drawn to one of the members, Sweden. The Swedish cement industry was organised in a long-lived, all-embracing and successful cartel. Sweden was one of the countries that pushed for European export cooperation. Exports were of great importance for cement producers and by regulating international exports, the cement companies achieved secure markets. But, the international cartel agreement also limited the actions of each country, so they could not sell freely. The international cartel affected the organisation of the national market and vice versa. The European cartel was influenced by the Swedish cartel, there are similarities in the setup and Cembureau was located in Sweden with Swedish management until the mid-1960s. The cartels on the national and European levels benefitted from each other and became stronger together.
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| 4899. |
- Dahlström, Malin, 1979
(författare)
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Konkurrens, samarbete och koncentration. Kalkstens- och cementindustrin i Sverige 1871-1982
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation examines cartels and cooperation. The literature about cartels and cooperation is in many ways contradictory; many of the studies that have been made come to different results. Several of the implications from former research are valid only within their context. This dissertation takes on different topics in the field of cartel research by investigating cartels and cooperation in two Swedish industries, Limestone and Cement. The time period of the study ranges from 1871, when the Cement industry was established in Sweden, to 1982, when the big cement company Cementa (former Skånska Cement) had monopolized the two industries. The industries were different in many aspects, which also affect the forms of cooperation in the industries. The Cement industry was technologically advanced, capital intensive and had high entry barriers, the product was homogeneous. The Limestone Industry on the other hand was neither capital nor technological intensive, the barriers to entry were really low and the product was not homogeneous. Some of the main findings in the dissertation are that both external and internal factors matter for the establishment of cartels. The cartels are often started with a test period, where the companies get to know each other and test the cooperation. One of the main topics in the dissertation and in the field of cartel research is the link between cartels and concentration. When comparing the two industries it is clear that the concentration process and the way cartels worked differed between the industries, due to their structural diversity. In the Cement industry the concentration process was rather straightforward, and there was one main cartel controlling the industry. In the Limestone industry the development was not clear at all, different cartels succeeded each other, and the competition constantly changed. Both the Cement and the Limestone industry had a variety of forms of cooperation. The dissertation shows that cartels should not automatically be seen as a counterbalance to big companies, cartels could as well be a basis for concentration. The Cement and Limestone industry are investigated through case studies. The case studies are based on extensive archival studies. The development and the cooperation in the two industries are compared historically. The effects that the cartels have on price development and technological development are discussed in the dissertation. The price of Limestone increased in periods of cartelisation, but overtime the prices was decreasing, especially in the late period when the advantage from economies of scale was larger. In the Cement industry the price decreased over time, especially due to declining production costs. One reason for the declining production costs was the technological development in the industry. A particular study of the mechanisation process of the quarries in the industries shows that the stabile cartels in the Cement industry supported the change. But the unstable and unsecure cartels in the Limestone industry delayed the mechanisation. Cartels could not be seen as one single phenomenon with the same features and impact everywhere, but instead the question of cartel is complex.
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| 4900. |
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