| 4891. |
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| 4892. |
- Collin, Kristoffer, 1983
(författare)
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Regional wages and labour market integration in Sweden, 1732-2009
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation consists of an introduction, four research papers and two papers that describe the data collected. Three county-specific data sets were constructed: one wage data set for the manufacturing sector, one wage data set for the agricultural sector, and one cost-of-living data set. The four research papers examine regional wage dispersion and labour market integration. Paper 1 explores regional wage dispersion in the Swedish manufacturing sector between 1860 and 2009. It shows a long-term tendency of convergence, interrupted by a brief spell of divergence in the period 1913–1931, and by stability after the early 1980s. Regional changes in the share of workers employed in industry played a minor role in this development. Instead, regional wage compression resulted from the catch-up between low-wage and high-wage regions.Paper 2 investigates the regional wage convergence of farm workers in Sweden between 1732 and 1980. Mainstream economic theory predicts that labour market outcomes will converge as transports and communication technologies increase labour mobility. This paper shows that regional wage dispersion declined from about 40 per cent to 4 per cent. Convergence characterised the era up to the Napoleonic wars; the period that followed was marked by quite stable wage dispersion. Industrialisation set in motion a new wave of convergence, also temporarily interrupted by the turmoil during the First World War and the deflation in the early 1920s. Paper 3 examines regional wage gaps between agricultural and manufacturing workers from 1860 to 1945. Previous research has mostly looked into aggregated wage differences between urban and rural workers. This paper shows large variations in wage gaps across regions and time. Geographical patterns prevailed during the widening of the wage gaps between the First World War and the early 1930s, as a result of different labour market responses to economic crises and wars. Regional wages between agricultural and manufacturing workers show a weak positive association until the Second World War, when it became negative, thus indicating regional disintegration. Paper 4 focuses on regional specialisation and the wage structure during the early industrialisation years, from 1860 to 1879. This paper employs regional industry-specific wages and employment data, yielding results that differ from those presented by other researchers. The results presented here show a more compressed inter-industry wage structure. A decomposition of the wage structure shows a shift from within-region to between-region factors, suggesting that regional specialisation played an important role in the wage structure. This dissertation provides new evidence of the long-term movement of regional wages in Sweden. The regional wages and cost-of-living series presented here capture wide time spans and make an important empirical contribution for future research into wages and prices.
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| 4893. |
- Collin, Kristoffer, 1983
(författare)
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Regional Wages in Sweden, 1860-1990
- 2013
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk-Historiska mötet, 4-5 oktober 2013, Lund.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4894. |
- Colombo, Armando Walter, et al.
(författare)
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A 70-Year Industrial Electronics Society Evolution Through Industrial Revolutions : The Rise and Flourishing of Information and Communication Technologies
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1932-4529 .- 1941-0115. ; 15:1, s. 115-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Industrial Revolution, which originally involved the change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to a market dominated by factory mechanization during the early 18th century, has profoundly shaped the world. It has progressed through four disruptive phases: Industry 1.0 through Industry 4.0. Industry 1.0 encompassed early automation, while Industry 2.0 began at the end of the 19th century, when enormous technological advances were made, such as mass production, electrification, and new modes of transportation. Industry 3.0 began during the 1970s, a decade that gave rise to the electronics, telecommunications, and computing that enable full automation and robotics. Industry 4.0 kicked off at the dawn of the third millennium, marked by the ubiquitous use of Internet technologies, which have radically transformed how people, society, and industry interact.
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| 4895. |
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| 4896. |
- Cormack, Louise, et al.
(författare)
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Early-life disease exposure and its heterogeneous effects on mortality throughout life: Sweden 1905-2016
- 2024
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Ingår i: Demography. - 1533-7790. ; 61:4, s. 1187-1210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to infectious diseases in early life has been linked to increased mortality risk in later life in high-disease settings, such as eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe. Less is known about the long-term effects of early-life disease exposure in milder disease environments. This study estimates heterogeneous effects from disease exposure in infancy on later-life mortality in twentieth-century Sweden, by socioeconomic status at birth and sex. Using historical population data for southern Sweden, we study 11,515 individuals who were born in 1905–1929 from age 1 until age 85. We measure exposure to disease using the local post–early neonatal mortality rate in the first 12 months after birth and apply flexible parametric survival models. For females, we find a negative effect on life expectancy (scarring) at ages 1–85 following high disease exposure in infancy, particularly for those born to unskilled workers. For males, we find no negative effect on later-life survival, likely because stronger mortality selection in infancy outweighs scarring. Thus, even as the incidence of infectious diseases declined at the start of the twentieth century, early-life disease exposure generated long-lasting negative but heterogeneous population health effects.
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| 4897. |
- Creighton, Mathew, et al.
(författare)
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Migrants and the Diffusion of Low Marital Fertility in Belgium
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Interdisciplinary History. - 1530-9169. ; 42:4, s. 593-614
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedAlthough the diffusion of fertility behavior between different social strata in historical communities has received considerable attention in recent studies, the relationship between the diffusion of fertility behavior and the diffusion of people (migration) during the nineteenth century remains largely underexplored. Evidence from population registers compiled in the Historical Database of the Liège Region, covering the period of 1812 to 1900, reveals that migrant couples in Sart, Belgium, from 1850 to 1874 and from 1875 to 1899 had a reduced risk of conception. The incorporation of geographical mobility, as well as the migrant status of both husbands and wives, into this fertility research sheds light not only on the spread of ideas and behaviors but also on the possible reasons why the ideas and behaviors of immigrants might have been similar to, or different from, those of a native-born population.
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| 4898. |
- Dahlstrand, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Reaching the Poor: Some Observations on Formal and Informal Credit in Haiti
- 2007
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Ingår i: Savings and Development. - : Giordano Dell'amore Foundation. - 0393-4551. ; 31:2, s. 113-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article traces the evolution of credit to the poor in Haiti, mainly from the 1950s to the present. Two phases may be distinguished. The first one, characterized on the one hand by the dominance of informal lenders and on the other by unsuccessful efforts sponsored by the government to reach the peasant majority, extends from the beginning of the 1950s until the end of the 1970s. This was a period of failure from the point of view of formal credit, with a number of institutions that lent little to the needy and which had to be closed down for financial reasons. The second period, from the beginning of the 1980s to the present time, has seen the evolution of a new institutional framework: that of organized micro credits, mainly in urban areas, beginning in the capital and gradually extending into provincial towns as well. This approach is much more promising than the old one, and possibly it can be extended ito rural areas as well.
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| 4899. |
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| 4900. |
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