| 41. |
- Jansson, Måns, 1986-
(författare)
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Making Metal Making : Circulation and Workshop Practices in the Swedish Metal Trades, 1730–1775
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is concerned with the making of metal making. It explores how skills, knowledge, and artefacts were circulated and grounded within the Swedish metal trades during the period ca. 1730 to 1775. It also analyses how these processes were related to different ways of organising practices of work. The metal trades are referred to as comprising various forms of state-supported metal manufacturing outside the guild system. The focus is on finer metal making (finsmide), above all cutlery making. The first chapter discusses the theoretical and methodological approaches. Critical to the analysis are the terms strategies and tactics, which are used to approach the interplay of different ways of knowing and acting in everyday metal making. This is done related to a trajectorial method. The trajectories of state official Samuel Schröder and the Stockholm cutler Eric Engberg are centred, but I also explore one broader skills-trajectory: the ‘English way’ of making cutlery.Chapters 2 to 4 examine the strategic stage for metal making, focusing on the attempts made by the eighteenth-century Swedish state to order the domestic trades in line with ideas of an all-embracing division of labour. This development is investigated by discussing regulations, spatial mapping and supervision, as well as descriptions and ‘corrections’ of workshop practices. Chapters 5 to 7 highlight the interplay of strategies and tactics within a changing manufacturing ‘system’. Artisans’ journeys, the construction of workshops in Stockholm, and the introduction of piecework at provincial knife works during the 1750s and 1760s are explored. The discussion leads up to the founding of a ‘free town’ for metal-making artisans in Eskilstuna in 1771.The results of this dissertation add to Swedish research on early-modern metal making in a number of ways. Urban space and the connections between metal-making communities are highlighted. In doing this, emphasis is placed on how practices of work were shaped over time by the movements of people, artefacts, and materials. Most notably, the circulation, imitation, and local adaption of knowledge and skills within the metal trades are accentuated. These findings also connect to recent research concerned with manufacturing and knowledge-making in pre-industrial Europe.
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| 42. |
- Jansson, Olle, 1978-
(författare)
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Industriell invandring : Utländsk arbetskraft och metall- och verkstadsindustrin, i Västmanlands län och på Bulten i Hallstahammar, 1946-1967
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the first decades of the post-war era, Sweden experienced a rapid increase in labour immigration. Many of these migrants found employment in the industrial sector, where they became concentrated. This concentration varied between different industries, but was amongst the highest in the metal and engineering industries. The aim of the thesis is to explain why migrant workers were concentrated in the Swedish metal and engineering industries during the post-war period, circa 1946-67. For this aim the thesis uses case studies, one on the regional level and another at the company level, in order to investigate and differentiate between different explanations.A varied set of different direct, as well as underlying causes and circumstances have been suggested in previous research to explain this uneven distribution of migrant workers on the labour market. Different explanations arising from these perspectives have been used in prior research with some success, but they rarely confront explanations from other perspectives, thus creating different narratives driven by different circumstances, causes, processes and intentions. The ambition of this thesis has been to seek explanations for a complex and changing historical process in post-war Sweden. In order to study this, explanations from previous research have been used to find the reasons and causes behind the concentration of foreign workers in the metal and engineering industries during the post-war era. At the same time, the results of these empirical studies are used to problematize and question these established explanations.The results have led to a somewhat different picture of the circumstances and reasons that shaped the labour immigration and the distribution of foreign employees on the Swedish labour market during the post-war period. The thesis particularly stresses that the possibilities and capabilities of the employers had a significant impact on the distribution of foreign workers.
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| 43. |
- Jeding, Carl
(författare)
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Co-ordination, Co-operation, and Competition. The Creation of Common Institutions for Telecommunications
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The telecommunications sector is an example of an industry that requires extensive co-ordination of e.g. technological, economic, and administrative factors in order to function as a unified system. The different actors in the sector normally have diverging interests concerning the choice of common rules. This has created a demand for institutional and organizational structures that can help the actors reach common solutions. This study shows that co-ordination through an international organization, CCIF, created a stable institutional environment for the participating actors. It also defined which type of behaviour was profitable for states and organizations that wanted to influence the CCIF's decisions. The most central actors of the CCIF were those that participated heavily in the organization's Plenary Assemblies and expert study groups.In this thesis it is shown that co-operation between the Scandinavian countries through informal agreements expanded and intensified both in scale and scope between 1900-1960. The individuals taking part in those agreements showed a very stable pattern over time. This indicates the evolution of a social network between the actors and organizations.On the national level the state had the formal power to impose its will on all the other actors. The liberalisation in the 1990's of the Swedish telecommunications sector led to the creation of a large set of new rules. This study shows that the need for a new regulatory function was coupled to the political objectives for the sector defined by the state.The results show that it is insufficient to regard the co-ordination of telecommunications as purely technical exercises. The strategic interests of actors were often based on other policy objectives than technical considerations.
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| 44. |
- Johansson, Lars-Olov, 1951-
(författare)
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Levebrödet : Den informella ekonomin i 1930-talets Dalarna
- 1996
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is a study of the informal economy, and analyses incomes, consumption and housework in 86 households in different social groups, during the year 1933. The study is based on primary material from an investigation of the costs of living, wich was carried out during the entire year, and tax assessment records for the same period. Determining what belonged to the informal economy are the incomes that are accounted for in the primary material but not in the official and public assessment records. The informal incomes were quite varied and came from odd jobs, boarding, lodging etc., even if there was a connection between informal incomes and incomes in kind. The middle-class benefitted from informal incomes in cash as well as fringe benefits. The informal incomes of the rural population mainly came from small scale production for the households own use. The working-class and salaried employees on their part were almost totally dependent on formal incomes from wage labour. Informal income was on average 15% of the formal one, but there were great variations between different social groups, as well as between individual households. Low-income households worked most with informal housework in order to reduce their expenses, especially the rural population which worked extensivley with small scale production. The informal economy did not reduce differences between households and social groups. Rather it strengthened the differences in pecuniary as well as qualitative terms. On the whole the informal economy was of little importance and no alternative to the formal one. In fact it was dependent on the terms of the formal economy and the law and regulations that surrounded the latter.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Jonsson, Malin, 1976-
(författare)
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Kvinnors arbete och hushållens försörjning. Vävinkomsternas betydelse för hushållsekonomin i Siljansbygden 1938–1955
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The principal purpose of this thesis has been to analyse the importance of women´s waged work with handicrafts for the household economy in the Swedish countryside during a period of rapid industrialisation and growth. The point of departure for the analysis has been a theoretical and methodological frame of interpretation on three levels. The levels that have been studied are the national institutional level of society, the level of the local society and the household level.This thesis has shown that women’s ways of providing for themselves cannot be explained with reference to any one factor. The explanation for the gender division of labour must be seen as the result of the interplay of several different factors on different levels. By investigating how the conditions for making a living looked like on the three different levels, the thesis has shown that, together, factors on the national institutional and the local societal levels, as well as on the individual household level, affected women’s work and how it can be understood.The thesis has described how the ideal of the breadwinner has changed during the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society. By studying a traditional form of female wage work – handicrafts – during a period when women were not expected to be gainfully employed, the thesis has shown that this transition was a slow process that manifested itself differently on different levels and that the old agrarian gender order survived for a long time despite the fact that people’s means of making a living had changed in a fundamental way. Women’s handicraft work was a continuing feature during this transitional period.
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| 48. |
- Jonsson, Pernilla
(författare)
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Marknadens väv : Svenska mekaniserade bomullsväverier i distribution och försäljning 1850-75
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The breakthrough for mechanized weaving in Sweden occured during the 1850's. Rapidly increasing quantities of cotton-textiles had to reach customers in a country with a scattered population and substansial social and economic differences between various parts of the country. However, Sweden, even before the construction of the railways, constituted a basis for the formation of a relatively well-integrated market for factory-produced cotton textiles. An increasing demand and institutional changes allowing freer internal trade and implementing tariff protection against imports created the conditions required for the growth of the industry. In the late 1850's the weaving firms were selling on a common geographical market, but a large part of the production was still sold in the production area. The market for factory-produced cotton textile principally consisted of the extreme south, western Sweden, East Central Sweden, the Central Mining District and the Northern Baltic Coast. The cotton-weaving firms either competed on the sub-markets, or else they chose various niche markets. Improved communications re-sulting from the steamboat fleet and an improved postal service permitted close contacts between producers and middlemen throughout the country. An expansion of fixed location retailing and, particularly, of specialized wholesale trade played a central role on the market. Still, the oldest weaving firm, located in the classical peddling region and without access to water transports, to a large extent relied on peddlers. The producers did not just passively rely on merchants to handle the dis-tribution of their products. They themselves sought out suitable merchants, pro-duced catalogues and generally marketed themselves.
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| 49. |
- Junestav, Malin, 1971-
(författare)
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Arbetslinjer i svensk socialpolitisk debatt och lagstiftning 1930-2001
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse the conception of the Swedish “work strategy” (arbetslinjen). This principle, or political idea, has been central in Sweden’s economic, employment as well as social policy since (at least) the inter war era. The purpose has been to detangle and dissect the ideas behind an almost sacred political principle, hardly ever questioned or challenged by political actors or scholars. Through studies of political debates and decision- and policy-making, the issue has been to reach an insight into how this particular set of ideas, gathered together in the conception of “the work strategy”, has been understood and how this influenced policy-making. In this thesis it has been shown the conception of “the work strategy” and its realisation is linked to Social Democratic economic policy since the 1930s and the full employment programs designed in the 1950s. The political ideas included in this principle, though, have deeper roots in the history of social and poor relief policy institutions. The theoretical assumption is that certain political ideas have such a strong position among politicians, no matter what their ideological residence, that it is broadly speaking impossible to implement political proposals that challenge these ideas.
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| 50. |
- Karlsson, Lars, 1981-
(författare)
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The Incentive to Abate : The Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry and the 1969 Environment Protection Act
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish Environment Protection Act (SEPA) was implemented in 1969 and constituted the first comprehensive Swedish regulation of industry-induced environmental externalities. In keeping with a longstanding corporatist tradition, Swedish policymakers aimed to establish a cooperative climate with industrial producers and instructed the regulatory authorities to strive to reach consensual agreements with affected firms. Despite such accommodations, the environmental adaptation of Swedish industrial production proceeded at a greater pace, during the 1970’s and 1980’s, than in most comparable countries, many of which had implemented seemingly more stringent environmental regulations than had Sweden.This thesis seeks to identify the firm level incentives behind this process, by examining the economic impact of the SEPA upon one of the more pollution-intensive branches of Swedish industrial production, the pulp and paper industry. Guided by previous research, an hypothesis is proposed in which the implementation of the SEPA came to aid the structural rationalization of this industry during the 1970’s and 1980’s, by inducing the exit of marginal, small-scale pulp and paper mills, thereby relaxing the prevailing competition over wood resources and available market space and creating more room for expansion within the surviving mills. As larger firms tend to operate larger mills, the hypothesized effects are suggested to have benefited large-scale producers within the industry, at the expense of their smaller rivals. The findings of the thesis show that the economic effects of the SEPA were more severe for small as compared to large-scale mills and that regulatory requirements for pollution abatement did contribute to the shutdown of several small-scale mills during the 1970’s and 1980’s. No conclusive evidence could, however, be found for the validity of the thesis’ hypothesis as a whole, as these shutdowns were not predominantly administered by small-scale firms, as predicted by the hypothesis. Rather, the vast majority of these shutdowns were accounted for by some of the largest firms within the industry. Some tentative evidence was found, however, that the implementation of the SEPA may have benefitted certain large-scale producers within the industry, by facilitating acquisitions of smaller firms with valuable assets.
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