| 11. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The economic microgeography of diversity and specialization externalities – firm-level evidence from Swedish cities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 48:6, s. 1385-1398
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We employ finely geo-coded firm-level panel data to assess the long-standing question whether agglomeration economies derive from specialization (within-industry), diversity (between-industry) or overall density. Rather than treating the city as a single unit, we focus our analysis on how the inner industry structures of cities influence firm-level productivity. Our results illustrate the co-existence of several externalities that differ in their spatial distribution and attenuation within cities. First, we find robust positive effects of neighborhood-level specialization on TFP as well as a small effect of diversity at the same fine spatial level. These effects are highly localized and dissipate beyond the immediate within-city neighborhood level. Second, we also find that firms benefit from the overall density of the wider city. The results emphasize the relevance of “opening up” cities to study the workings of their inner organization and support the idea that location in a within-city industry cluster in a diversified and dense city boosts productivity.
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| 12. |
- Asheim, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge bases and Regional Innovation Systems: Comparing Nordic Clusters.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 34:8, s. 1173-1190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The analysis of the importance of different types of regional innovation systems must take place within a context of the actual knowledge base of various industries in the economy, as the innovation processes of firms are strongly shaped by their specific knowledge base. In this paper, we shall distinguish between two types of knowledge base: analytical and synthetic. These types indicate different mixes of tacit and codified knowledge, codification possibilities and limits, qualifications and skills, required organisations and institutions involved, as well as specific competitive challenges from a globalising economy, which have different implications for different sectors of industry, and, thus, for the kind of innovation support needed. The traditional constellation of industrial clusters surrounded by innovation supporting organisations, constituting a regional innovation system, is nearly always to be found in contexts of industries with a synthetic knowledge base (e.g. engineering-based industries), while the existence of regional innovation systems as an integral part of a cluster will normally be the case of industries-based on an analytical knowledge base (e.g. science-based industries, such as IT and bio-tech). In the discussion of different types of regional innovation systems five empirical illustrations from a Nordic comparative project on SMEs and regional innovation systems will be used: the furniture industry in Salling, Denmark; the wireless communication industry in North Jutland, Denmark; the functional food industry in Scania, Sweden; the food industry in Rogaland, Norway and the electronics industry in Horten, Norway. We argue that in terms of innovation policy the regional level often provides a grounded approach embedded in networks of actors acknowledging the importance of the knowledge base of an industry.
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| 13. |
- Azagra-Caro, J. M., et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic interactions between university-industry knowledge transfer channels: A case study of the most highly cited academic patent
- 2017
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 46:2, s. 463-474
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the succession of formal and informal channels of university-industry knowledge transfer, and the local economic impact of their dynamic interaction. To do so, we investigate a highly cited university patent over an extended period of time through a case study methodology. Our work provides three fundamental insights. First, local economic impact can be achieved only after a complex, temporally unfolding sequence of interactions between formal and informal channels of knowledge transfer. Second, in the course of this dynamic interaction, knowledge generated during formal transfer activities may be transferred via informal channels. Third, the method developed can provide information on the variety of knowledge transfer channels related to highly cited patents. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Baum, Christopher F., et al.
(författare)
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Innovation by start-up firms : The role of the board of directors for knowledge spillovers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 51:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates whether board directors interlocked with or employed by innovative firms affect startup firms' propensity to be innovators themselves. Drawing upon a sample of more than 50,000 Swedish start-up firms, we find that board connections to incumbent innovators have a causal impact on the new firms' probability to apply for patents. The results are robust when controlling for industry, geography, firm age, as well as spillovers through worker and managerial mobility, external knowledge sourcing through patent disclosure, access to venture capital and board attributes.
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| 15. |
- Benner, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Institutionalizing the triple helix : Research funding and norms in the academic system
- 2000
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 29:2, s. 291-301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What are the institutional mechanisms that enable or hinder the development of new forms of knowledge production? This issue has been slightly neglected in the discussion of the "triple helix". To redress this shortcoming, the authors suggest an institutionalist complement to the triple helix model. The article analyzes the institutional regulation of academic research, with a special emphasis on how norms in the academic system are constituted via research funding. It is argued that funding is a key mechanism of change in the norm system since its reward structure influences the performance and evaluation of research. The empirical analysis is based on the public financing of technical research in Sweden, with comparisons made with other countries. The structure of research funding has been reformed in all the countries studied. In addition to continuing recognition for scientific merit, the reforms have had the effect of emphasizing the commercial potential and the societal relevance of the research supported. The two dominant models of research funding, an intra-academic model and a top-down interventionist model, seem to be replaced partly with a catalytic one. However, there are counteracting tendencies. Some agencies still reproduce a model of reputational control and a collegial orientation among researchers. It is concluded, therefore, that the forces of change and continuity are engaged in a process of negotiation about the normative regulation of academic research.
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| 16. |
- Bergek, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems : A scheme of analysis
- 2008
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 37:3, s. 407-429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Various researchers and policy analysts have made empirical studies of innovation systems in order to understand their current structure and trace their dynamics. However, policy makers often experience difficulties in extracting practical guidelines from studies of this kind. In this paper, we operationalize our previous work on a functional approach to analyzing innovation system dynamics into a practical scheme of analysis for policy makers. The scheme is based on previous literature and our own experience in developing and applying functional thinking. It can be used by policy makers not only to identify the key policy issues but also to set policy goals. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 17. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Are patents with multiple inventors from different countries a good indicator of international R&D collaboration? The case of ABB
- 2010
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 39, s. 1321-1334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on the critical case of ABB, this paper questions the relevance of using patents with multiple inventors from different countries (“cross-country patents”) as an indicator of international R&D collaboration. The study shows that less than half of ABB’s cross-country patents are the result of international R&D collaboration as described by one of the more inclusive definitions found in previous literature. Only a third of the patents are the result of joint R&D activities between different MNC subsidiaries or firms. We also discuss the implications of our study for the assignment of patents to countries based on inventor addresses.
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| 18. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Technological discontinuities and the challenge for incumbent firms : Destruction, disruption or creative accumulation?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 42:6-7, s. 1210-1224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The creative destruction of existing industries as a consequence of discontinuous technological change is a central theme in the literature on industrial innovation and technological development. Established competence-based and market-based explanations of this phenomenon argue that incumbents are seriously challenged only by ‘competence-destroying’ or ‘disruptive’ innovations, which make their existing knowledge base or business models obsolete and leave them vulnerable to attacks from new entrants. This paper challenges these arguments. With detailed empirical analyses of the automotive and gas turbine industries, we demonstrate that these explanations overestimate the ability of new entrants to destroy and disrupt established industries and underestimate the capacity of incumbents to perceive the potential of new technologies and integrate them with existing capabilities. Moreover, we show how intense competition in the wake of technological discontinuities, driven entirely by incumbents, may instead result in late industry shakeouts. We develop and extend the notion of ‘creative accumulation’ as a way of conceptualizing the innovating capacity of the incumbents that appear to master such turbulence. Specifically, we argue that creative accumulation requires firms to handle a triple challenge of simultaneously (a) fine-tuning and evolving existing technologies at a rapid pace, (b) acquiring and developing new technologies and resources and (c) integrating novel and existing knowledge into superior products and solutions.
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| 19. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Technological Internationalisation in the Electro-Technical Industry : A Cross-company comparison of patenting patterns 1986-2000.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 33:9, s. 1285-1306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the issue of R&D internationalisation of two multinationals in the electro-technical industry (GE and ABB), by means of a patent data analysis. The overwhelming majority of both companies R&D activities are concentrated in Western Europé and North America. The locational overlap between the two firms' activities is small. These results are consistent with findings from earlier studies that (1) there is little evidence to suggest that the 'production' of technology is globalised in a general sense and (2)that tapping knowledge from an industry's global lead location plays a very limited role in foreign R&D investments.
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| 20. |
- Berggren, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Scientific misconduct at an elite medical institute: The role of competing institutional logics and fragmented control
- 2019
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 48:2, s. 428-443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The incidence of revealed fraud and dishonesty in academia is on the rise, and so is the number of studies seeking to explain scientific misconduct. This paper builds on the concepts of competing logics and institutional fields to analyze a serious case of medical and scientific misconduct at a leading research institute, Karolinska in Sweden, home to the Nobel Prize in Medicine.By distinguishing between a market-oriented, a medical and an academic logic, the study analyzes how various actors − executives, research leaders, co-authors, journal editors, medical doctors, science bloggers, investigative journalists and documentary filmmakers − sustained or tried to expose the misconduct. Despite repeated warnings from patient-responsible doctors and external academic reviewers, Karolinska protected the surgeon, Paolo Macchiarini, until a documentary film at the Swedish national public TV exposed the fraud which led to public inquiries and proposals for a new national ethics legislation.The analysis illustrates the power of a market-oriented logic focused on brand and image at the research institute and at a leading journal, but also the perseverance of the logics of scientific scrutiny and medical care among practicing doctors and independent academics although the carriers of these logics were less well organized than the carriers of the market-oriented logic. Furthermore, the analysis shows the problem of fragmented control in the academic institutional field. The discussion of remedies compares the Karolinska case, where media actors were instrumental in sanctioning the perpetrators, with a similar instance of medical misconduct at Duke in the US where the government agency (ORI) intervened and shows the limitations of both types of actors. The conclusion highlights the importance of studying misconduct management and institution-building in different fields to develop effective remedies.
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