| 41. |
- Hasselstrom, H., et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in bone size and bone mineral density exist before puberty. The Copenhagen School Child Intervention Study (CoSCIS)
- 2006
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Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0827 .- 0171-967X. ; 79:1, s. 7-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The aim of this study was to provide normative data of bone mineral density (BMD; g/cm(2)) of the forearm and the calcaneus, evaluated by peripheral dual X ray absorbtiometry (DXA), in children aged 6 to 7 years of age and to evaluate the association with anthropometrics and sex. Materials and methods: 368 boys and 326 girls with a mean age of 6.7 +/- 0.4 years participated. BMD was measured by DXA in the forearms and the os calcanei, with average values presented in this report. Measurements of weight, height, skinfolds, the width of distal radius and ulna, and the femur condyles were collected and body composition estimated from skinfolds measurements. Results: There was no difference in calcaneus BMD when comparing boys and girls, whereas the boys had 4.5% (0.013 g/cm(2)) higher forearm BMD than the girls (P < 0.001). Calcaneal BMD (mean 0.318 g/cm(2)) was 11% higher than forearm BMD (mean 0.283 g/cm(2)). Linear relationship was found between calcaneus BMD and weight (partial r = 0.50), Fat free mass (FFM) (partial r = 0.50), Fat mass (FM) (partial r = 0.45), % body fat (partial r = 0.29) and knee width (partial r = 0.46), all P < 0.000 respectively. Adjusted for weight the relationship between calcaneus BMD and FFM, FM, %body fat and knee width disappeared. There were significant relationships between the forearm BMD and weight (partial r = 0.37), FFM (partial r = 0.39), FM (partial r = 0.28), %body fat (partial r = 0.14) and wrist width (partial r = 0.24), all P < 0.000 respectively. Adjusted for body weight, the relationship remained between forearm BMD and FFM (r = 0.10), FM (R = -0.10) and % body fat (r = -0.12), all P < 0.000 respectively. Children measured in the spring had 3.5% (P < 0.01) higher calcaneus BMD than children measured in the winter. Conclusion: Seven year old boys have higher BMD in the forearm but not in the calcaneus in comparison with girls of a similar age. Body weight is the best predictor of calcaneus BMD, accounting for 25% of the variance whereas body weight and FFM are the best predictors of forearm BMD, each accounting for 17% of the variance, respectively.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Hill, Tom R., et al.
(författare)
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A Vitamin D, Calcium and Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Nutritional Supplement Improves Measures of Bone Health in Sarcopenic Non-Malnourished Older Adults : The PROVIDE Study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0171-967X .- 1432-0827. ; 105:4, s. 383-391
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alterations in musculoskeletal health with advanced age contribute to sarcopenia and decline in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength. This decline may be modifiable via dietary supplementation. To test the hypothesis that a specific oral nutritional supplement can result in improvements in measures of bone health. Participants (n 380) were participants of the PROVIDE study, a 13-week, multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind, 2 parallel-group study among non-malnourished older participants (≥ 65 years) with sarcopenia [determined by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB; 0-12) scores between 4 and 9, and a low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI; skeletal muscle mass/BW × 100) ≤ 37% in men and ≤ 28% in women using bioelectric impedance analysis] Supplementation of a vitamin D, calcium and leucine-enriched whey protein drink that comprises a full range of micronutrients (active; 2/day) was compared with an iso-caloric control. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], parathyroid hormone (PTH), biochemical markers of bone formation (osteocalcin; OC, procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide; P1NP) and resorption (carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks; CTX), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and total-body BMD were analysed pre- and post-intervention. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations increased from 51.1 ± 22.9 nmol/L (mean ± SD) to 78.9 ± 21.1 nmol/L in the active group (p < 0.001 vs. control). Serum PTH showed a significant treatment difference (p < 0.001) with a decline in the active group, and increase in the control group. Serum IGF-1 increased in the active group (p < 0.001 vs. control). Serum CTX showed a greater decline in the active group (p = 0.001 vs. control). There were no significant differences in serum OC or P1NP between groups during the intervention. Total body BMD showed a small (0.02 g/cm2; ~ 2%) but significant increase in the active group after supplementation (p = 0.033 vs. control). Consuming a vitamin D, calcium and leucine-enriched whey protein supplement for 13 weeks improved 25(OH)D, suppressed PTH and had small but positive effects on BMD, indicative of improved bone health, in sarcopenic non-malnourished older adults.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Ivaska, Kaisa K., et al.
(författare)
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Bone Turnover Marker Profiling and Fracture Risk in Older Women : Fracture Risk from Age 75 to 90
- 2022
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Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0171-967X .- 1432-0827. ; 111:3, s. 288-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: A major challenge in osteoporosis is to identify individuals at high fracture risk. We investigated six bone turnover markers (BTMs) to determine association with specific fracture types; the time-frame for risk prediction and whether these are influenced by age at assessment. Methods: Population-based OPRA cohort (n = 1044) was assessed at ages 75, 80, 85 and fractures documented for up to 15 years. Six BTMs were analyzed at each time-point (N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen, PINP; total osteocalcin, OC; bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, BALP; C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, CTX; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, TRAcP5b; urinary osteocalcin). Hazard ratios (HR) for any, major osteoporotic, vertebral and hip fractures were calculated as short (1, 2, 3 years) and long-term risk (5, 10, 15 years). Results: At 75 year, high CTX levels were associated with an increased risk of all fractures, including major osteoporotic fractures, across most time-frames (HRs ranging: 1.28 to 2.28). PINP was not consistently associated. Urinary osteocalcin was consistently associated with elevated short-term risk (HRs ranging: 1.83–2.72). Other BTMs were directionally in accordance, though not all statistically significant. BTMs were not predictive for hip fractures. Association of all BTMs attenuated over time; at 80 year none were associated with an increased fracture risk. Conclusion: CTX, urinary OC and TRAcP5b are predictive for fracture in a 1 to 3 year, perspective, whereas in the long-term or above age 80 years, BTMs appear less valuable. Resorption markers, particularly CTX, were more consistently associated with fracture risk than formation markers in the very elderly.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Johannesdottir, Fjola, et al.
(författare)
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Mid-Thigh Cortical Bone Structural Parameters, Muscle Mass and Strength, and Association with Lower Limb Fractures in Older Men and Women (AGES-Reykjavik Study)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0827 .- 0171-967X. ; 90:5, s. 354-364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a cross-sectional study we investigated the relationship between muscle and bone parameters in the mid-thigh in older people using data from a single axial computed tomographic section through the mid-thigh. Additionally, we studied the association of these variables with incident low-trauma lower limb fractures. A total of 3,762 older individuals (1,838 men and 1,924 women), aged 66-96 years, participants in the AGES-Reykjavik study, were studied. The total cross-sectional muscular area and knee extensor strength declined with age similarly in both sexes. Muscle parameters correlated most strongly with cortical area and total shaft area (adjusted for age, height, and weight) but explained < 10 % of variability in those bone parameters. The increment in medullary area (MA) and buckling ratio (BR) with age was almost fourfold greater in women than men. The association between MA and muscle parameters was nonsignificant. During a median follow-up of 5.3 years, 113 women and 66 men sustained incident lower limb fractures. Small muscular area, low knee extensor strength, large MA, low cortical thickness, and high BR were significantly associated with fractures in both sexes. Our results show that bone and muscle loss proceed at different rates and with different gender patterns.
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| 48. |
- Johansson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Increased Risk of Hip Fracture in Patients with Lymphoma, a Swedish Population Study of 37,236 Lymphoma Patients.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Calcified tissue international. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0827 .- 0171-967X. ; 106, s. 591-598
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased bone loss has been noted in lymphoma patients; however, the incidence of hip fracture is not known. The aim of our study was to explore the risk for hip fracture in patients with lymphoma compared with the entire Swedish population. The risk of hip fracture was determined in a retrospective population cohort study of adult Swedish lymphoma patients (n=37,236), diagnosed 1995-2015 and compared with the entire Swedish population during the same period. The incidence of hip fracture in lymphoma patients was higher in women than in men, increased by age, and decreased by calendar year as also demonstrated in the total population. 2.2% of the men and 4.7% of women with lymphoma sustained a hip fracture. For the total group of females, the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.19 (95% CI 1.11-1.28) and for men, the hazard ratio was 1.06 (95% CI 0.97-1.17) compared with the Swedish population. The HR for hip fracture (2016) was 2.80 (95% CI 1.20-6.53), 2.04 (95% CI 1.30-3.20), 1.56 (95% CI 1.21-2.01), 1.08 (95% CI 0.89-1.30), and 1.07 (95% CI 0.92-1.25) in females aged 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80years, respectively. Corresponding figures for men were not significant in 2016. Unmarried men with lymphoma had a two times higher risk for hip fracture (HR 2.02 95% CI 1.63-2.50) compared with married men. Patients with lymphoma had an increased risk of hip fracture, especially younger women and unmarried men. The incidence of hip fracture is decreased by calendar year in the lymphoma patients and the entire Swedish population.
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| 49. |
- Kaastad, T S, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of clodronate on cortical and trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats on a low calcium diet
- 1997
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Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0827 .- 0171-967X. ; 61:2, s. 158-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of a low calcium diet to the cortical and trabecular osteoporosis seen in ovariectomized rats after 7 weeks on a low calcium diet and to investigate the effects of the bisphosphonate clodronate on this development of osteoporosis. Thirty-six mature, female Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: Ovx-B (bisphosphonate) and Ovx-C (control) were ovariectomized, and Sham-Ca (low calcium) and Sham+Ca (normal calcium) were sham operated. The first three groups were fed a low calcium diet (0.01%) and Sham+Ca normal rat chow (Ca 1.1%). The Ovx-B received 10 mg/kg s.c. clodronate daily for nine weeks, and Ovx-C, Sham-Ca, and Sham+Ca received the same volumes of saline. Bone mineral turnover measured as 85Sr-uptake was increased in all low calcium groups compared to Sham+Ca. The Sham+Ca femora had higher dry weight and ash weight than the other groups, and Ovx-C had higher dry weight compared with Ovx-B and Sham-Ca. Calcium content was lower in both Ovx groups compared to both Sham groups. Magnesium was lower in all groups compared to Sham+Ca and higher in Ovx-B compared with Ovx-C. In the femoral shaft, Sham+Ca had significantly higher ultimate bending moment, energy absorption, and deflection compared to the other three groups. Ultimate bending moment was higher in Sham-Ca than in Ovx-C. Stiffness was increased in both Sham+Ca and Ovx-B compared to Ovx-C. The maximum stress in the femoral midshaft was higher in Sham+Ca than in the other groups, and higher in Ovx-B than in Ovx-C. Histomorphometry showed increased medullary area in all low calcium groups compared to Sham+Ca and larger cortical area in Sham+Ca and Ovx-B compared to Ovx-C. Compared to Sham+Ca the trabecular bone volume was decreased to 30% in Sham-Ca and to 9% in Ovx-C, but was unchanged in Ovx-B. The low calcium diet generally increased bone mineral turnover and reduced the tibial bone volume. Femoral changes led to a reduction of cortical fracture strength and maximal stress. Ovariectomy in addition to a low calcium diet reduced femoral strength even more. Daily injections of clodronate to ovariectomized rats on a low calcium diet increased femoral shaft stiffness and maximum stress, and clodronate preserved both trabecular and cortical tibial bone volume completely.
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| 50. |
- Kaastad, T S, et al.
(författare)
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Vitamin D deficiency and ovariectomy reduced the strength of the femoral neck in rats
- 2001
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Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0827 .- 0171-967X. ; 69:2, s. 102-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vitamin D (vit D) deficiency is common in the elderly, and the aim of this study was to investigate whether vit D deprivation in ovariectomized (ovx) and normal rats would reduce fracture strength. Forty mature female Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: two were ovariectomized (ovx) and two were sham-operated (sham). One ovx and one sham group were fed a vit D-deficient diet (Ovx-D and Sham-D), and the control groups were fed normal rat chow (Ovx and Sham) for 12 weeks. Vit D deficiency was substantiated after 12 weeks by undetectable serum concentrations of 25OHD in the Sham-D and Ovx-D groups. 85Sr activity was lower in Sham-D than in the other groups (P < 0.005). Tibial and femoral weights and lengths showed no differences. Distal tibial trabecular bone volume was reduced in both ovx groups compare with sham (P < 0.005). Bone mineral density (BMD) was higher in sham than in Sham-D and both ovx groups (P < 0.005). Femoral area moment of inertia increased and ultimate stress decreased in Ovx-D compared with ovx (P < 0.05). Other biomechanical properties of the femoral shafts did not differ significantly. The femoral neck was significantly weaker in Ovx-D than in the other groups. In conclusion, ovx decreased tibial trabecular bone volume and both ovx and vit D depletion reduced femoral BMD in rats. Vit D depletion reduced the ultimate stress in the femoral shaft, and the combined depletion of estrogen and vit D significantly reduced the fracture strength in the femoral neck. This fits well with clinical evidence of how postmenopausal status combined with vit D deficiency lead to an increased risk of hip fractures, making this animal model a possible tool for investigating measures to prevent such fractures.
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