| 11. |
- Koivisto, Mika, et al.
(författare)
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How meaning shapes seeing
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : Sage Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 18:10, s. 845-849
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- yInattentional blindness refers to the failure to see an unexpected object that one may be looking at directly when one's attention is elsewhere. We studied whether a stimulus whose meaning is relevant to the attentional goals of the observer will capture attention and escape inattentional blindness. The results showed that an unexpected stimulus belonging to the attended semantic category but not sharing physical features with the attended stimuli was detected more often than a semantically unrelated stimulus. This effect was larger when the unexpected stimuli were words than when they were pictures. The results imply that the semantic relation between the observer's attentional set and the unexpected stimulus plays a crucial role in inattentional blindness: An unexpected stimulus semantically related to the observer's current interests is likely to be seen, whereas unrelated unexpected stimuli are unseen. Attentional selection may thus be driven by purely semantic features: Meaning may determine whether or not one sees a stimulus.
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| 12. |
- Lonsdorf, TB, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic gating of human fear learning and extinction: possible implications for gene-environment interaction in anxiety disorder
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 20:2, s. 198-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used model of the acquisition and extinction of fear. Neural findings suggest that the amygdala is the core structure for fear acquisition, whereas prefrontal cortical areas are given pivotal roles in fear extinction. Forty-eight volunteers participated in a fear-conditioning experiment, which used fear potentiation of the startle reflex as the primary measure to investigate the effect of two genetic polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR and COMTval158met) on conditioning and extinction of fear. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, located in the serotonin transporter gene, is associated with amygdala reactivity and neuroticism, whereas the COMTval158met polymorphism, which is located in the gene coding for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a dopamine-degrading enzyme, affects prefrontal executive functions. Our results show that only carriers of the 5-HTTLPR s allele exhibited conditioned startle potentiation, whereas carriers of the COMT met/met genotype failed to extinguish conditioned fear. These results may have interesting implications for understanding gene-environment interactions in the development and treatment of anxiety disorders.
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| 13. |
- Navarrete, CD, et al.
(författare)
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Fear extinction to an out-group face: the role of target gender
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 20:2, s. 155-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conditioning studies on humans and other primates show that fear responses acquired toward danger-relevant stimuli, such as snakes, resist extinction, whereas responses toward danger-irrelevant stimuli, such as birds, are more readily extinguished. Similar evolved biases may extend to human groups, as recent research demonstrates that a conditioned fear response to faces of persons of a social out-group resists extinction, whereas fear toward a social in-group is more readily extinguished. Here, we provide an important extension to previous work by demonstrating that this fear-extinction bias occurs solely when the exemplars are male. These results underscore the importance of considering how gender of the target stimulus affects psychological and physiological responses to out-group threat.
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| 14. |
- Wiens, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Keeping it short : A comparison of methods for brief picture presentation.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Psychol Sci. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 15:4, s. 282-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has shown that backward masking is apowerful tool for studying unconscious mental processes.Whereas studies have traditionally presented stimuli usingcathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors or mechanical shutters togetherwith slide projectors, recent studies (mainly in functionalmagnetic resonance imaging, fMRI) have begun to use methodsbased on liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and thin-film transistor(TFT) technology. However, because of differences in technology,all methods may not be equally suited for masking. Whenmethods were compared for their accuracy in presenting picturesat short durations, LCD and TFT presentations had pooraccuracy, but shutter and CRT presentations had better accuracy.Because CRTs interfere with the imaging process in fMRI,we recommend the use of mechanical shutters. However, ourresults may not generally apply to all displays, so we adviseresearchers to validate the presentation parameters of theirdisplays. The procedure described here may be useful for thatpurpose.
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| 15. |
- Akrami, Nazar, et al.
(författare)
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Generalized Prejudice : Common and Specific Components
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 22:1, s. 57-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research examined the personality-prejudice relationship and whether personality and social psychological factors predict different aspects of prejudice. We proposed a distinction between a common component of prejudice that is mainly explained by personality and a specific component mainly explained by situational and group-specific variables. Whereas the former consists of the shared variance of prejudice toward different targets, the latter taps the variance that is unique to a certain type of prejudice. Statistically separating the two components of prejudice toward four target groups, we found that personality variables (Agreeableness and Openness to Experience) explained a substantial portion of the variance of the common but a small share of the specific component. We also found group membership (gender) to be more closely associated with the specific than the common component of sexism. The results support our proposed distinction and suggest that personality and social psychological variables explain distinct aspects of prejudice.
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| 16. |
- Athanasopoulos, Panos, et al.
(författare)
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Two Languages, Two Minds : Flexible Cognitive Processing Driven by Language of Operation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 26:4, s. 518-526
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People make sense of objects and events around them by classifying them into identifiable categories. The extent to which language affects this process has been the focus of a long-standing debate: Do different languages cause their speakers to behave differently? Here, we show that fluent German-English bilinguals categorize motion events according to the grammatical constraints of the language in which they operate. First, as predicted from cross-linguistic differences in motion encoding, bilingual participants functioning in a German testing context prefer to match events on the basis of motion completion to a greater extent than do bilingual participants in an English context. Second, when bilingual participants experience verbal interference in English, their categorization behavior is congruent with that predicted for German; when bilingual participants experience verbal interference in German, their categorization becomes congruent with that predicted for English. These findings show that language effects on cognition are context-bound and transient, revealing unprecedented levels of malleability in human cognition.
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| 17. |
- Aydogan, G., et al.
(författare)
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The Detrimental Effects of Oxytocin-Induced Conformity on Dishonesty in Competition
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 28:6, s. 751-759
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Justifications may promote unethical behavior because they constitute a convenient loophole through which people can gain from immoral behavior and preserve a positive self-image at the same time. A justification that is widely used is rooted in conformity: Unethical choices become more permissible because one's peers are expected to make the same unethical choices. In the current study, we tested whether an exogenous alteration of conformity led to a lower inclination to adhere to a widely accepted norm (i.e., honesty) under the pressure of competition. We took advantage of the well-known effects of intranasally applied oxytocin on affiliation, in-group conformity, and in-group favoritism in humans. We found that conformity was enhanced by oxytocin, and this enhancement had a detrimental effect on honesty in a competitive environment but not in a noncompetitive environment. Our findings contribute to recent evidence showing that competition may lead to unethical behavior and erode moral values.
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| 18. |
- Berger, CC, et al.
(författare)
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Mental Imagery Induces Cross-Modal Sensory Plasticity and Changes Future Auditory Perception
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 29:6, s. 926-935
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Can what we imagine in our minds change how we perceive the world in the future? A continuous process of multisensory integration and recalibration is responsible for maintaining a correspondence between the senses (e.g., vision, touch, audition) and, ultimately, a stable and coherent perception of our environment. This process depends on the plasticity of our sensory systems. The so-called ventriloquism aftereffect—a shift in the perceived localization of sounds presented alone after repeated exposure to spatially mismatched auditory and visual stimuli—is a clear example of this type of plasticity in the audiovisual domain. In a series of six studies with 24 participants each, we investigated an imagery-induced ventriloquism aftereffect in which imagining a visual stimulus elicits the same frequency-specific auditory aftereffect as actually seeing one. These results demonstrate that mental imagery can recalibrate the senses and induce the same cross-modal sensory plasticity as real sensory stimuli.
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| 19. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Bayes Factors From Pooled Data Are No Substitute for Bayesian Meta-Analysis : Commentary on Scheibehenne, Jamil, and Wagenmakers (2016)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : Sage Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 28:11, s. 1694-1697
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scheibehenne, Jamil, and Wagenmakers (2016; SJW) recently introduced Bayesian evidence synthesis (BES). They used it to combine evidence from seven published studies that examined the influence of social-norm messages on hotel towel reuse rates. Although most of the original studies provided non-significant results (p-value > .05), BES provided strong support for the effect (Bayes factor = 37). We think that this conclusion is wrong. We demonstrate that BES is inherently flawed because it pools data in a way that is vulnerable to a Simpson’s paradox, and that a Bayesian meta-analysis that avoids this problem produces weaker evidence.
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| 20. |
- Chabris, CF, et al.
(författare)
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Most reported genetic associations with general intelligence are probably false positives
- 2012
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Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 23:11, s. 1314-1323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- General intelligence ( g) and virtually all other behavioral traits are heritable. Associations between g and specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several candidate genes involved in brain function have been reported. We sought to replicate published associations between g and 12 specific genetic variants (in the genes DTNBP1, CTSD, DRD2, ANKK1, CHRM2, SSADH, COMT, BDNF, CHRNA4, DISC1, APOE, and SNAP25) using data sets from three independent, well-characterized longitudinal studies with samples of 5,571, 1,759, and 2,441 individuals. Of 32 independent tests across all three data sets, only 1 was nominally significant. By contrast, power analyses showed that we should have expected 10 to 15 significant associations, given reasonable assumptions for genotype effect sizes. For positive controls, we confirmed accepted genetic associations for Alzheimer’s disease and body mass index, and we used SNP-based calculations of genetic relatedness to replicate previous estimates that about half of the variance in g is accounted for by common genetic variation among individuals. We conclude that the molecular genetics of psychology and social science requires approaches that go beyond the examination of candidate genes.
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