| 31. |
- Chen, Guang, et al.
(author)
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EDDD : Event-Based Drowsiness Driving Detection Through Facial Motion Analysis With Neuromorphic Vision Sensor
- 2020
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In: IEEE Sensors Journal. - : IEEE. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 20:11, s. 6170-6181
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Drowsiness driving is a principal factor of many fatal traffic accidents. This paper presents the first event-based drowsiness driving detection (EDDD) system by using the recently developed neuromorphic vision sensor. Compared with traditional frame-based cameras, neuromorphic vision sensors, such as Dynamic Vision Sensors (DVS), have a high dynamic range and do not acquire full images at a fixed frame rate but rather have independent pixels that output intensity changes (called events) asynchronously at the time they occur. Since events are generated by moving edges in the scene, DVS is considered as an efficient and effective detector for the drowsiness driving-related motions. Based on this unique output, this work first proposes a highly efficient method to recognize and localize the driver's eyes and mouth motions from event streams. We further design and extract event-based drowsiness-related features directly from the event streams caused by eyes and mouths motions, then the EDDD model is established based on these features. Additionally, we provide the EDDD dataset, the first public dataset dedicated to event-based drowsiness driving detection. The EDDD dataset has 260 recordings in daytime and evening with several challenging scenes such as subjects wearing glasses/sunglasses. Experiments are conducted based on this dataset and demonstrate the high efficiency and accuracy of our method under different illumination conditions. As the first investigation of the usage of DVS in drowsiness driving detection applications, we hope that this work will inspire more event-based drowsiness driving detection research.
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| 32. |
- Cheng, Peng, et al.
(author)
-
Stator-free RPM Sensor Using Accelerometers - A Statistical Performance Simulation by Monte Carlo Method
- 2011
-
In: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 11:12, s. 3368-3376
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents an statistical performance simulation for rigid-body revolutions per minute (RPM) measurement based on two uni-axial accelerometers mounted on rotor. In comparison with other existing sensing methods that are based on two coupled parts, namely stator and rotor and which include conventional electro-magnetic RPM sensors and photo-electric RPM sensors, this new stator-free inertial sensing principle has the advantage of high bandwidth at low RPM, true contact-free sensing and flexible installation. The paper first focuses on the description of the operating principle and the common mode rejection (CMR) method of the stator-free RPM sensor, and then its error model is developed and the error sources are statistically simulated based on Monte Carlo method. The simulation result presents a most interesting property of this sensor, that is, it gives lower precision at lower RPM and higher precision at higher RPM. The conclusion summarizes the modeling analysis result and motivates potential application for this new RPM sensing method.
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| 33. |
- Cheng, Peng, et al.
(author)
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Torque Sensor Based on Differential Air Pressure Using Volumetric Strain
- 2017
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In: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 17:11, s. 3269-3277
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper proposes a torque sensor based on the differential air pressure measurement method using the volumetric strain of a mechanical sensing structure. A model of the measurement system based on the differential air pressure from the volumetric strain of the mechanical sensing structure is proposed and theoretically discussed. The error sources are identified and an error propagation model is presented for the proposed torque measurement method. Considering these error sources, a prototype torque sensor is presented as a case study for the method verification. Both the mechanical and readout electronics designs are discussed and analyzed. The mechanical sensitivity, resolution, and maximum stresses are analyzed using finite-element modeling. Based on the results from the simulation, a prototype torque sensor is manufactured and experimentally verified using a readout electronics design. For verification, the sensor prototype is measured under static torque to have a sensitivity of 0.04272V/N. m and a range of +/- 117N . m. Compared with the nominal mechanical sensitivity result from the FEM simulation, this measured sensitivity has a difference less than 6%. The noise analysis of the designed readout electronics shows that the resolution of 0.006% can be achieved with this design. Furthermore, hysteresis analysis shows an error of 0.012% of full scale. From these results, it is also shown that the actual performance of the sensor is mainly limited by the differential pressure sensor and the readout electronics design and is not by the mechanical design of the sensor.
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| 34. |
- Choudhary, Anurag, et al.
(author)
-
Infrared Thermography-Based Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motor Bearings Using Machine Learning
- 2021
-
In: IEEE Sensors Journal. - : IEEE. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 21:2, s. 1727-1734
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bearing is one of the most crucial parts in induction motor (IM) as a result there is a constant call for effective diagnosis of bearing faults for reliable operation. Infrared thermography (IRT) is appreciably used as a non-destructive and non-contact method to detect the bearing defects in a rotary machine. However, its performance is limited by insignificant information and string noise present in the infrared thermal image. To address this issue, an emergent two dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2D-DWT) based IRT method has been proposed in this article for diagnosing the different bearing faults in IM, namely, inner and outer race defects, and lack of lubrication. The dimensionality of the extracted features was reduced using principal component analysis (PCA) and thereafter the selected features were ranked in the order of most relevant features using the Mahalanobis distance (MD) method to achieve the optimal feature set. Finally these selected features have been passed to the complex decision tree (CDT), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) for fault classification and performance evaluation. The classification results reveal that the SVM outperformed CDT and LDA. The proposed strategy can be used for self-adaptive recognition of bearing faults in IM which helps to avoid the unplanned and unwanted system shutdowns due to the bearing failure. © 2001-2012 IEEE.
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| 35. |
- Choudhary, Vipin, et al.
(author)
-
A Non-destructive Testing Method in Industrial Processes to Determine the Complex Refractive Index Using Ultra-Wide Band Radio
- 2022
-
In: IEEE Sensors Journal. - : IEEE. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748 .- 2379-9153. ; 22:8, s. 7752-7762
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An ultra-wide band measurement method for determining the complex refractive index of large-volume objects is presented. The method is intended for industrial non-destructive testing. It uses a frequency-domain technique in which transmitted radio pulses are analyzed and the effects of near field and coupling on the determined refractive index are compensated. Measurements were performed in an industrial setup with electromagnetic sensors buried in the object. The results are presented for woodchips as an object. The refractive index was experimentally determined in the frequency range 0.5-3.0 GHz. Additionally, we designed and manufactured planar quasi-differential elliptical-antennas as electromagnetic sensors. The results from the industrial measurement setup were compared with the results of the laboratory setup, in which the sensors were placed outside the test box and near field and coupling effects could be neglected. The complex refractive index determined for the two setups was in good agreement, which corroborates the proposed method for compensating for coupling and near-field effects. The complex refractive index of woodchips changes with the moisture content. It is experimental verified using the industrial setup that the moisture content can be determined with a 2 percent error.
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| 36. |
- Concina, Isabella, et al.
(author)
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Electronic noses as flexible tools to assess food quality and safety : Should we trust them?
- 2012
-
In: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 12:11, s. 3232-3237
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents three different applications of an electronic nose (EN) based on a metal oxide sensor array, in order to illustrate the broad spectrum of potential uses of the technique in food quality control. The following scenarios are considered: 1) the screening of a typical error that may occur during the processing of tomato pulp, which leads to sensory damage of the product; 2) the detection of microbial contamination by Alicyclobacillus spp. (ACB) affecting soft drinks; and 3) the proof of evidence of extra virgin olive oil fraudulently adulterated with hazelnut oil. In each case, the EN is able to identify the spoiled product by means of the alterations in the pattern of volatile compounds, reconstructed by principal component analysis of the sensor responses.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Damiati, Samar, et al.
(author)
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Flex Printed Circuit Board Implemented Grapene-Based DNA Sensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2
- 2021
-
In: IEEE Sensors Journal. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 21:12, s. 13060-13067
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, ongoing efforts have been made to develop sensitive diagnostic platforms. Detection of viral RNA provides the highest sensitivity and specificity for detection of early and asymptomatic infections. Thus, this work aimed at developing a label-free genosensor composed of graphene as a working electrode that could be embedded into a flex printed circuit board (FPCB) for the rapid, sensitive, amplification-free and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2. To facilitate liquid handling and ease of use, the developed biosensor was embedded with a user-friendly reservoir chamber. As a proof-of-concept, detection of a synthetic DNA strand matching the sequence of ORF1ab was performed as a two-step strategy involving the immobilization of a biotinylated complementary sequence on a streptavidin-modified surface, followed by hybridization with the target sequence recorded by the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) technique in the presence of a ferro/ferricyanide redox couple. The effective design of the sensing platform improved its selectivity and sensitivity and allowed DNA quantification ranging from 100 fg/mL to 1 mu g/mL. Combining the electrochemical technique with FPCB enabled rapid detection of the target sequence using a small volume of the sample (5-20 mu L). We achieved a limit-of-detection of 100 fg/mL, whereas the predicted value was similar to 33 fg/mL, equivalent to approximately 5 x 10(5) copies/mL and comparable to sensitivities provided by isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests. We believe that the developed approach proves the ability of an FPCB-implemented DNA sensor to act as a potentially simpler and more affordable diagnostic assay for viral infections in Point-Of-Care (POC) applications.
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| 39. |
- Davide, F., et al.
(author)
-
Chaotic chemical sensing
- 2002
-
In: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 2:6, s. 656-662
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we have examined the behavior of a chaotic circuit where one of the components has been replaced by a chemical sensor. The response of the sensor is manifested as a change in the attractor of the circuit. Furthermore, with a proper operating point, a small response of the sensor causes a change in the attractor of the circuit within a time much shorter than the normally defined response time of the sensor. This technique unites sensors and data processing as one combined unit in a unique fashion. © 2002 IEEE.
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| 40. |
- Enlund, Johannes, et al.
(author)
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FBAR sensor array for in liquid operation
- 2010
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In: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 10:12, s. 1903-1904
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This letter discusses the design of thickness shear mode thin-film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) sensor array for in liquid operation with respect to minimizing the observed Q-degradation and crosstalk.
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