| 51. |
|
|
| 52. |
- Bobak, M, et al.
(författare)
-
Life span and disability : a cross sectional comparison of Russian and Swedish community based data
- 2004
-
Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ. - 1756-1833. ; 329:7469, s. 767-770
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To compare levels of disability (in terms of physical function and self rated health) among middle aged and elderly people in Russia and Sweden, a country with high life expectancy. Design Cross sectional study. Setting General population of the Russian Federation and of two counties in southern Sweden. Participants Randomly selected men and women in Sweden (n = 9489) and Russia (n = 1599). Main outcome measures Official life table data, self rated health and physical functioning (subscale of the SF-36). Results The official life table data showed large differences in mortality-for example, 36% of Russian men aged 45-49 years would survive the next 25 years compared with 75% of Swedish men. The survey data showed, for both sexes, similar levels of self rated health and physical functioning in the two countries up to the age of about 45 years, but after that, the age related decline in both outcomes was much faster in Russia than in Sweden. By combining the national life tables with survey data on physical functioning we estimated that in the age group 45-49 years, 99% of Russian and 97% of Swedish men would be free of disability, of these, if these data were for a cohort, only 17% of Russians would be alive and free of disability 25 years later compared with 65% of Swedes. The difference in survival was similar in women. Conclusions Large differences exist in survival without disability between elderly Russians and Swedes. The short life span in Russia reflects high levels of ill health and disability and is associated with a rapid age related decline in physical functioning.
|
|
| 53. |
- Boden, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes in women treated or not treated with mood stabilisers for bipolar disorder : population based cohort study
- 2012
-
Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ. - 1756-1833. ; 345, s. e7085-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To investigate the risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes for treated and untreated bipolar disorder during pregnancy. Design Population based cohort study using data from national health registers. Setting Sweden. Participants 332 137 women with a last menstrual period anytime after 1 July 2005 and giving birth anytime before the end of 31 December 2009. Women with a record of at least two bipolar diagnoses were identified and grouped as treated (n=320)-those who had filled a prescription for mood stabilisers (lithium, antipsychotics, or anticonvulsants) during pregnancy-or untreated (n=554). Both groups were compared with all other women giving birth (n=331 263). Main outcome measures Preterm birth, mode of labour initiation, gestational diabetes, infants born small or large for gestational age, neonatal morbidity, and congenital malformations. Results Of the untreated women, 30.9% (n=171) were induced or had a planned caesarean delivery compared with 20.7% (n=68 533) without bipolar disorder (odds ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.30 to 1.90). The corresponding values for the treated women were 37.5% (n=120) (2.12, 1.68 to 2.67). The risks of preterm birth in both treated and untreated women were increased by 50%. Of the untreated women, 3.9% (n=542) had a microcephalic infant compared with 2.3% (324 844) of the women without bipolar disorder (1.68, 1.07 to 2.62). The corresponding values for the treated women were 3.3% (n=311) (1.26, 0.67 to 2.37). Similar trends were observed for risks of infants being small for gestational age infants for weight and length. Among infants of untreated women, 4.3% (n=24) had neonatal hypoglycaemia compared with 2.5% (n=8302) among infants of women without bipolar disorder (1.51, 1.04 to 2.43), and 3.4% (n=11) of the treated women (1.18, 0.64 to 2.16). The analyses of variation in outcomes did not support any significant differences between treated and untreated women. Conclusions Bipolar disorder in women during pregnancy, whether treated or not, was associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
|
|
| 54. |
|
|
| 55. |
|
|
| 56. |
- Bower, Peter, et al.
(författare)
-
Influence of initial severity of depression on effectiveness of low intensity interventions : meta-analysis of individual patient data
- 2013
-
Ingår i: BMJ (Clinical Research Edition). - : BMJ Publishing Group: BMJ. - 0959-8138 .- 1756-1833. ; 346
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To assess how initial severity of depression affects the benefit derived from low intensity interventions for depression.Design Meta-analysis of individual patient data from 16 datasets comparing low intensity interventions with usual care.Setting Primary care and community settings.Participants 2470 patients with depression.Interventions Low intensity interventions for depression (such as guided self help by means of written materials and limited professional support, and internet delivered interventions).Main outcome measures Depression outcomes (measured with the Beck Depression Inventory or Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), and the effect of initial depression severity on the effects of low intensity interventions.Results Although patients were referred for low intensity interventions, many had moderate to severe depression at baseline. We found a significant interaction between baseline severity and treatment effect (coefficient −0.1 (95% CI −0.19 to −0.002)), suggesting that patients who are more severely depressed at baseline demonstrate larger treatment effects than those who are less severely depressed. However, the magnitude of the interaction (equivalent to an additional drop of around one point on the Beck Depression Inventory for a one standard deviation increase in initial severity) was small and may not be clinically significant.Conclusions The data suggest that patients with more severe depression at baseline show at least as much clinical benefit from low intensity interventions as less severely depressed patients and could usefully be offered these interventions as part of a stepped care model.
|
|
| 57. |
|
|
| 58. |
- Brand, Judith, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and fractures in offspring : national register based sibling comparison study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1756-1833. ; 368
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on fractures in offspring during different developmental stages of life.DESIGN: National register based birth cohort study with a sibling comparison design.SETTING: Sweden.PARTICIPANTS: 1 680 307 people born in Sweden between 1983 and 2000 to women who smoked (n=377 367, 22.5%) and did not smoke (n=1 302 940) in early pregnancy. Follow-up was until 31 December 2014.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Fractures by attained age up to 32 years.RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 21.1 years, 377 970 fractures were observed (the overall incidence rate for fracture standardised by calendar year of birth was 11.8 per 1000 person years). The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of fracture in offspring differed by attained age. Maternal smoking was associated with a higher rate of fractures in offspring before 1 year of age in the entire cohort (birth year standardised fracture rates in those exposed and unexposed to maternal smoking were 1.59 and 1.28 per 1000 person years, respectively). After adjustment for potential confounders the hazard ratio for maternal smoking compared with no smoking was 1.27 (95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.45). This association followed a dose dependent pattern (compared with no smoking, hazard ratios for 1-9 cigarettes/day and >= 10 cigarettes/day were 1.20 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.39) and 1.41 (1.18 to 1.69), respectively) and persisted in within-sibship comparisons although with wider confidence intervals (compared with no smoking, 1.58 (1.01 to 2.46)). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was also associated with an increased fracture incidence in offspring from age 5 to 32 years in whole cohort analyses, but these associations did not follow a dose dependent gradient. In within-sibship analyses, which controls for confounding by measured and unmeasured shared familial factors, corresponding point estimates were all close to null. Maternal smoking was not associated with risk of fracture in offspring between the ages of 1 and 5 years in any of the models.CONCLUSION: Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking is associated with an increased rate of fracture during the first year of life but does not seem to have a long lasting biological influence on fractures later in childhood and up to early adulthood.
|
|
| 59. |
- Britten, Nicky, et al.
(författare)
-
Learning from Gothenburg model of person centred healthcare.
- 2020
-
Ingår i: BMJ. - : BMJ. - 0959-8138 .- 1756-1833. ; 370
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systematik och en tydlig struktur – det är faktorer som är avgörande i omställningen till personcentrerad vård. I en studie från Göteborgs universitet, publicerad i tidskriften BMJ, speglas nu ett decennium av erfarenheter och forskning i fältet. Förväntningarna växer sig allt starkare på att hälso- och sjukvården ska vara personcentrerad, och därmed ta avstamp i ett partnerskap mellan personal, patient och anhöriga. Samtidigt är det på många håll trögt att införa och upprätthålla detta arbetssätt. Att personcentrerad vård kan minska antalet vårddagar på sjukhus och skapa ökad tilltro till vården är redan känt. Nu gäller det istället att fokusera på hur man går tillväga, menar författarna bakom den övergripande artikeln i BMJ. Studien ger tips och verktyg för fortsatt forskning och utveckling av personcentrering i hälso- och sjukvården. Korresponderande författare är Axel Wolf, docent i vårdvetenskap vid institutionen för vårdvetenskap och hälsa på Sahlgrenska akademin, Göteborgs universitet, och verksam vid Centrum för personcentrerad vård, GPCC. Hela organisationen ska med – Ett av de viktigaste råden är att personcentrerad etik måste praktiseras på ett systematiskt sätt i vardagen. Det innebär att skapa organisatoriska och individuella förutsättningar för utvecklingen av ett partnerskap mellan patient, anhöriga om det är aktuellt, och personal vid varje möte, inte bara när det passar i schemat, säger han, och fortsätter: – För att få bästa kliniska effekt är det viktigt att frågan om personcentrering inte enbart blir något mellan patienten och den enskilde yrkesföreträdaren, utan återfinns i hela organisationen. Det ligger också en stor utmaning i att öka förståelsen för hur personcentrerad vård skiljer sig från nuvarande vårdpraktik. Grundläggande är att representanter från hälso- och sjukvården tar sig tid att lyssna in patientens erfarenheter och mål, som kan handla om att till exempel återgå i arbete eller kunna ta en promenad, och låter dessa mål vara vägledande i den gemensamt överenskomna hälsoplanen. Patientens prioriteringar ska speglas i planen som också ska utvärderas kontinuerligt. Dokumentationen ska sedan följa patienten, även vid övergång från exempelvis sjukhusvård till primärvård eller kommunal omsorg. Hierarkier och låsta roller Sedan starten för tio år sedan har den nationella centrumbildningen GPCC varit ledande aktör i att utveckla, testa, utvärdera och implementera personcentrerad vård i många olika hälso- och sjukvårdssammanhang, nationellt och internationellt. Tillsammans med kollegan Nicky Britten, professor vid University of Exeter, England, har Axel Wolf lett en internationell forskargrupp som har undersökt förutsättningar och hinder som forskare, kliniker och patienter upplevt under kliniska studier inom ramen för GPCC, och vid implementering av forskningsresultat i vardagen. Bland de hinder som beskrivs i den aktuella studien finns hierarkiska vårdstrukturer, låsta yrkesroller och övertygelsen om att man redan jobbar personcentrerat. – I och med omställningen till nära vård, som genomsyras av ett personcentrerat arbetssätt, måste den personcentrerade etiken praktiseras konstant för att få optimala förutsättningar. Det kräver en systematik gällande utbildning, livslångt lärande och verktyg som underlättar partnerskapet, avslutar Axel Wolf.
|
|
| 60. |
|
|
