| 21. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
-
Mosul Dam Problem and Stability
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - USA : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 13:3, s. 105-124
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mosul Dam is located on the River Tigris about 60 km northwest Mosul in Iraq. It is the biggest dam where its storage capacity reaches 11.11 billion cubic meters at normal operational level (330 m. above sea level). The dam was constructed on alternating beds of karistified limestone, gypsum and marl. This dam suffered from water seepage under its foundation since its operation in 1986. Grouting operations were implemented since that time to overcome this problem. This seepage is believed to be due to dissolution of gypsum beds under the foundation, which was not carefully considered by the designers. It was recommended by the international board of experts that the water level should be kept at or below 319 m.a.s.l. to minimize damages in case of the failure of the dam. ISIS occupied the dam site on 8 August 2014 and it was seized back from the hands of ISIS on the 16th of the same month. They did plenty of damage despite the short period they occupied the area. After that, the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources rebuilt the damaged parts and used new grouting and maintenance program. Now, the dam looks very safe at 319 m water level at its reservoir. In addition, the impounding was raised 325 m.a.s.l. for few days and nothing abnormal was noticed.
|
|
| 22. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
-
Present Water Crises in Iraq and Its Human and Environmental Implications
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 10:6, s. 305-319
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq is facing a serious water shortage problem now, which has not been experienced before. This is because of the reduction of flow of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers which is due to the implementation of hydrological projects within the upstream part of the catchment and climate change. Mismanagement of water resources within Iraq made the problem graver. It is believed that serious discussion with all riparian countries to reach an agreement to share the water of the two rivers and their tributaries is desperately needed. In addition, a prudent scientific strategy should be implemented and put into practice to overcome this problem in Iraq. In addition, the key positions within the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources should be given to people having real experience in the water resources sector to ensure discreet and prudent management of the problem.
|
|
| 23. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
-
Solving the Water Resource Problems in Iraq
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 16:08, s. 205-223
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq covers an area of 437072 km2 in the northeastern part of the Middle East. Its population now is more than 40 million. It relies mainly on its water resources from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries. Recently, Iraq has been experiencing a severe water scarcity problem. This is mainly due to climate change, increased hydrological projects in riparian countries, and water resources mismanagement inside Iraq itself. To overcome the problem, a new strategy should be implemented. Such strategy should consider two main courses of action: a) serious negotiations with riparian countries to reach an agreement giving Iraq equitable water shares from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries. b) Prudent water management practices inside Iraq that consider adopting realistic distribution of water between the governorates, rational policies aiming at increased water use efficiencies within Irrigation networks, increased use of non-conventional sources of water, adjustment of water tariffs and their collection procedures, improving agricultural techniques, introduction of intensive guidance and public awareness programs, and promulgation of new legislations, in addition to creation of human resources development programs.
|
|
| 24. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
-
Tigris River Water Quality Quantifying Using the Iraq Water Quality Index (IraqWQI) and Some Statistical Techniques
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 16:06, s. 149-166
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluation of water quality is important for the management of water resources. The current study is focused on the interpretation of the water quality monitoring data of the Tigris River in Iraq by the application of the principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and water quality index (WQI). Twelve water quality parameters were taken from 14 stations along the river Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO2−4SO42− , HCO−3HCO3− , NO−3NO3− , TH, TDS, BOD5, and EC to apply the PCA and CA. The results show that the mean of all the parameters was under the standards except Ca2+, EC, Mg2+, TH, and SO2−4SO42− . The amount of EC is the critical factor that affects the river water quality. The PCA obtained one principal component responsible for 97% of the variation caused by different pollution sources. The CA divided the river into three regions of sampling stations with similar water quality, the best in the north, and the worst in the far south. In this paper, the computer-automated tool (IraqWQI) was presented and evaluated, which has been developed by authors to classify and measure the quality of Iraqi surface water. The proposed index is of hundred degrees and includes six variables for drinking water quality Cl−, TH, TDS, COD, DO, and total coliform (TC) according to the Iraqi specifications. The result of the IraqWQI application showed a decrease in the water quality of the river and its suitability for drinking in the south of the country. The best value of the index was (81.48, Good) in Fishkhabour during winter, and the worst value was (46.23, Bad) in Qurnah during summer. The result of this study proved the success and importance of using statistical techniques and WQI as useful tools for the management, control, and conservation of surface water.
|
|
| 25. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, et al.
(författare)
-
Water Demand Management in Jordan
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 6:1, s. 19-26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Jordan is located in the Middle East in the eastern Mediterranean. It has a surface area of approximately 90,000 km2 and its population reaches 6.3 million. Jordan is one of the fourth driest countries in the World and water demand exceeds Jordan's available water resources.Annual per capita water availability has declined from 3600m3/year in 1946 to 145 m3/year today. It is estimated that the population will continue to grow from about 5.87 million in 2008 to over 7.80 million by 2022. Total projected water demand will be 1673 million cubic meters by 2022.Fifteen years of complete records for water consumption was studied to see the supply and demand variation with time. It had been noticed that water demand management will address the actual needs for water. This management program will ensure further reduction in water use, reduce water loses through the distribution supply net, prevent pollution and waste water disposal in nature, efficient use of available water resources, prudent future planning for new water re-sources and finally imposing real cost for water supply that would be acceptable. In addition to the above, public awareness program is to be put in action. Such a program should be used in schools as well as the media. The public are to be aware of the problem and how they can assist to overcome the water shortage crisis.
|
|
| 26. |
- Al Dahaan, Saadi, et al.
(författare)
-
Influence of Groundwater Hypothetical Salts on Electrical Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:11, s. 823-830
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) was tested for solutions of same salinity levels with respect to different artificial salts with their combinations. Results showed remarkable jumping at the order of the artificial salt sequence specially that of the magnesium type. A computer model is designed with an input of EC and TDS. The output will be the possible prevailing artificial salts. The accuracy of the model was tested by using the groundwater data of Safwan-Zubair area south of Iraq and it proved to be significant at 95% matching. The 5% unmatched results are due to the possibility of having more than one type of prevailing salt.
|
|
| 27. |
- Al-Dahan, Saadi A. M., et al.
(författare)
-
Relationship between Selected Hydrochemical Parameters in Springs of Najaf Province, Iraq
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:6, s. 337-346
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several springs exist at the south-western desert of Iraq in Najaf Province at latitude 31˚00' -32˚15' and longitude 43˚30' - 44˚30'. They are almost parallel to Euphrates River on the eastern edge of western desert. General direction for the distribution of springs coincides with that of faults running northwest-southeast. The Hydrogen sulfide, temperature, pH and electrical conductivity were investigated in these springs. The analyses indicated that the concentration of H2S decreased from northwest toward southeast which is attributed to the escape of this gas to the atmosphere during the flow of groundwater near or on the earth surface. The surrounding geologic conditions did not affect the temperature and pH of the springs. Electrical conductivity showed an increase from northwest towards southeast which reflects dissolving more ions from the rocks of the aquifer. The electrical conductivity and hydrogen sulfide concentration had reverse relationship.
|
|
| 28. |
- Al-Hashimi, Shaymaa, et al.
(författare)
-
Channel Slope Effect on Energy Dissipation of Flow over Broad Crested Weirs
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:12, s. 837-851
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main purpose of broad crested weir used in open channels is to raise and control upstream (U/S) water level. In this study a new performance was added to this weir, by making a step at downstream (D/S) of weir. The energy dissipation, the height of the weir/ the upstream water height ratio and Froude number relationships (E% - P/h – Fr) for three range of flume slop S=0.0, 0.002 and 0.004 were simulated. The experiments were performed in a laboratory horizontal channel of 4.6 m length, 0.3 m width and 0.3 m depth for a wide range of discharge. The D/S step height of the weir was 7.5 cm. FLUENT software was used as numerical model which represent a type of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model in order to simulate flow over weirs. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method with the Standard k–ε turbulence model was used to estimate the free surface profile and the structured mesh with high concentration near the wall regions. The experimental results of the water surface profile gave a high agreement with the results of the numerical models. The maximum value 28.78 of E % was obtained in single step broad crested weir in the experimental result and 27.35 in numerical result at S=0.004. Finally, the range of the relative error of the energy dissipation between experimental and numerical results was achieved and the maximum was 6.76 in all runs.
|
|
| 29. |
- Al-Hasnawi, Salwan, et al.
(författare)
-
The Effect of the Industrial Activities on Air Pollution at Baiji and its surrounding areas, Iraq
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:1, s. 34-44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The polluters of total suspended particles (TSP) and some heavy metals (Cd, Co, and Ni) concentrations were studied in the areas of Al-Fatha, Al-Alam and Baiji, Iraq. These concentrations were measured for selected 22 sample locations for two periods, January and July 2013. The analyzed values of (TSP) and (Cd) exceeded the limits of Iraqi National and the World Health Organization (WHO) for the two periods. Also, (Ni) values exceeded the limits for July only, while (Co) values were under the limits for the two periods. The difference between the two periods reflects the effect of the wind speed and direction, rainfall, and the intensity of the dust storms during the two months respectively. GIS technique makes optimal predictions possible by examining the relationships between all the sample points and producing a continuous surface of polluter’s concentration. Therefore, GIS was used to produce predictions and probabilities maps for the critical polluter values in the study area
|
|
| 30. |
- Al-Jabban, Wathiq, et al.
(författare)
-
Stabilization of Clayey Silt Soil Using Small Amounts of Petrit T
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 9:6, s. 540-562
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effects of using small amounts of a Petrit T, a by-product of manufacture sponge iron, to modify clayey silt soil were investigated in this study. Petrit T was added at 2%, 4% and 7% of soil dry weight. A series of unconfined compressive strength tests, consistency limits tests and pH tests were conducted at 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days of curing periods to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of treated soil. Results indicated improving in the unconfined compressive strength, stiffness and workability of treated soil directly after treatment and over time. Increasing in soil density and decreasing in water content were observed, with increasing Petrit T content and curing time. The pH value was immediately increasing after treatment and then gradually decreased over time. Failure mode gradually changed from plastic to brittle behavior with increasing binder content and curing time. The outcomes of this research show a promising way of using a new by-product binder to stabilize soft soils in various engineering projects in order to reduce the costs which are associated with of excavation and transportation works.
|
|
