| 41. |
- Alanbari, Mohammad A., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of Potential Environmental Impacts on the Production of Gasoline and Kerosene, Al-Daura Refinery, Baghdad, Iraq
- 2016
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Ingår i: Engineering. - USA : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:11, s. 767-776
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oil represents the main energy sources used by mankind. In addition, petroleum products serve as feedstock for several consumer goods, thus playing an important growing role in people’s lives. For this reason there are various software applications designed to do the environmental assessment to see their impact on the environment. Among these is SimaPro software package designed to make a valuable contribution. It is a powerful tool for analyzing the environmental impact of products during their whole life cycle. In this study, it was pplied to analyze and evaluate the impacts for Al-Daura refinery for the gasoline and kerosene fuel production. This refinery located in Baghdad, Iraq was analyzed. The results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) show that gasoline has a (single score) of the order of 11.1 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from gasoline fuel compared with 4.83 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from kerosene. Global warming, respiratory inorganics and nonrenewable energy were the most effective environmental impacts.
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| 42. |
- Alanbari, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Application of SimaPro7 on Al-Hilla City Sewerage Network, Iraq
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:5, s. 224-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SimaPro is a software package designed to make a valuable contribution for analyzing the environmental impact on products during their whole life cycle. A huge amount of knowledge about the environment is built into the program and database, enabling to analyze a product with a minimum of specialized knowledge. In this study, SimaPro was used to analyze and evaluate the impacts that resulted from sewerage network in Al-Hilla city, Iraq. The results of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) showed that sewerage network had an impact and damage on the environment by 291 points for every cubic meter of collect wastewater. The most potential environmental impacts were global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy, contributing to the sewerage network. The study also showed that most of the effects were as a result of energy consumption in the pumping of wastewater, pipes used and diesel using for network operation.
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| 43. |
- Alkaradaghi, Karwan, et al.
(författare)
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Landfill Site Selection Using GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making AHP and SAW Methods : A Case Study in Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq
- 2020
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Ingår i: Engineering. - USA : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 12:4, s. 254-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lack of land for waste disposal is one of the main problems facing urban areas in developing countries. The Sulaimaniyah Governorate, located in northern Iraq, is one of the main cities of the country in the Kurdistan Region, covering an area of 2400 km2. Currently, there is no landfill site in the study region that meets scientific and environmental requirements, inappropriate dumping of solid waste causes adverse effects on the environment, economic and urban aesthetic. To overcome with this phenomenon, it is very crucial to suggest a landfill site, even in countries that recycle or burn their waste to protect the environment. Landfill sites should be carefully selected by considering all regulations and other restrictions. The integration of geographic information systems and multi-criteria decision analysis is used in this study to select suitable landfill locations in the region, for this purpose, thirteen layers are prepared according to their importance including urban area, villages, rivers, groundwater depth, slope, elevation, soil types, geological formations, roads, oil and gas field, land use classification, archaeological site and power lines. Two different methods (simple additive weighting and analytic hierarchy process) are implemented in a geographical information system to obtain the suitability index map for candidate landfill sites, where all these sites satisfied the scientific and environmental criteria which were adopted in this study. The comparison of the maps resulting from these two different methods demonstrates that both methods produced consistent results.
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| 44. |
- Altaie, Entidhar, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Material Used in Concrete Mixture on the Foundation Stresses on Soil
- 2015
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:10, s. 668-675
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable design, green architecture and sustainable construction are new methods for design and construction that are employed for environmental and economic challenges. Clay and bricks proved as sustainable building materials. In this paper, crush brick in the concrete mixture instead of normal coarse aggregate will be used. STAAD Prov8i software was applied for the designed of a hypothetical building in different sites of the three locations in Iraq (Mosul at the north, Baghdad at the center and Basrah at the south). The input model data used in the software were depending on the field and laboratory tests done for twenty three sites in the three locations of Iraq. Concrete properties values were used in the software for concrete mixture with crushed bricks. The results values of base pressure obtained from the software were low for the three locations. The maximum values of base pressure under the foundation for both the average and the minimum bearing capacity values for Mosul region for the normal strength concrete and air-entrained were (94, 84) kPa and (91, 82) kPa respectively, for Baghdad region were (89, 82) kPa and (86, 81) kPa respectively. Finally, for Basrah, the results for the base pressure were (84, 77) kPa and (82, 76) kPa, respectively. The results values of the base pressure were less for all locations compared with the base pressure values obtained from a previous work for the same locations. The use of crushed brick as aggregate in the concrete mixture is economical due to its availability as local material and it is durable materials with low weight.
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| 45. |
- Altaie, Entidhar, et al.
(författare)
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Estimation of Settlement under Shallow Foundation for Different Regions in Iraq Using SAFE Software
- 2015
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:7, s. 379-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Foundation design must satisfy limited values of settlement. Settlement is an essential criterion in the design process of shallow foundations. To calculate the settlement under different types of shallow foundations, 79 samples were taken from twenty-three sites distributed in three regions:Mosul, Baghdad and Basrah in the northern, central and southern parts of Iraq. Field and laboratory tests were performed to obtain the strength parameters to calculate the bearing capacity. The results obtained for the bearing capacity were used in SAFE software. The software was used to design and analyze the foundation and to calculate the settlements under two types of foundations (raft and continuous) for the three regions. Average and minimum values of bearing capacity wereused. The software used subgrade reaction modules values for the design and analysis. According to the results, the suitable, safe and economical type of foundation to be used in Mosul, Baghdad and Basrah regions for the average value of bearing capacity is the continuous type for the first two regions while the raft type is recommended for Basrah region. In case that the minimumbearing capacity values are used, raft foundation is recommended for Mosul and Baghdad. While deep foundation is the suitable type of foundation for Basrah region.
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| 46. |
- Alwan, Khaldoon Khaled, et al.
(författare)
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Validity of Existing Rain Water Harvesting Dams within Part of Western Desert, Iraq
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - USA : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 11:12, s. 806-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study area is located within the western part of Iraq between Latitude(32˚45'0'' - 34˚0'0'') North and longitude (39˚30'0'' - 40˚45'0'') East withinAnbar Governorate. It covers an area of 4767.423 Km 2 with elevation rangesfrom 360 to 840 m. The general slope decreases from southwest to northeast.Five old dams identified in the study area. The results of SWAT modelshowed high curve number (70 - 85) indicating low filtration and runoff rate(1.2 - 8.2) mm for the period (1994-2014). These dams have catchment areasranged between (118.03 - 673.41) km 2. They were to be used for agriculturalpurposes. The results according to the Food, Agriculture Organization (FAO)standards for their distance from agricultural areas using a GIS showed thatall are not suitable except dam number (1). The distance to roads showed thatdams (1, 4) are highly suitable, (2, 3) are low suitable and dam (5) is not suitable.The average annual quantity of rain water that can be harvested fromthe 5 dams is about 12.9 million cubic meters.
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| 47. |
- Alzeyadi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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A Novel Coating Method for Create Filter Media Capable to Remove Phosphate from Wastewater Effectively
- 2019
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 11:8, s. 443-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Filtration materials coating with metallic oxides represented a good method for phosphate sorption. However, most of the researchers utilize chemicals as a source of metallic oxides and heating process to set the chemicals over the filtration materials. This study is aimed to introduce the furnace bottom ash FBA as a source of metallic oxides; it is available free because it is dumped as a waste material from power generation plants. The method of creating new filter media involves coating the limestone and sand by FBA, and the ordinary Portland cement OPC utilized as binder to binding the mixture materials. The water is the factor which is responsible for activating the OPC. All factors such as mixed materials ratio, water content and age of reaction have subjected to optimization process. The results revealed that the optimal mixture for phosphate removal consists of 40% FBA, 5% OPC from dry weight of supporting material, 35% water ratio from the total weight of FBA and OPC, and 14 days are enough to complete the materials reaction. Limestone-furnace bottom ash LFBA indicated high capacity for phosphate sorption and possibility of efficiency regenerate. This study demonstrates a new method for coating the filtration materials more convenient with sustainability approach.
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| 48. |
- Andersson, L. Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of Flow Structures Induced by Highly Rough Surface Using Particle Image Velocimetry, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Velocity Correlations
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 10, s. 399-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High Reynolds number flow inside a channel of rectangular cross section is examined using Particle Image Velocimetry. One wall of the channel has been replaced with a surface of a roughness representative to that of real hydropower tunnels, i.e. a random terrain with roughness dimensions typically in the range of ≈10% - 20% of the channels hydraulic radius. The rest of the channel walls can be considered smooth. The rough surface was captured from an existing blasted rock tunnel using high resolution laser scanning and scaled to 1:10. For quantification of the size of the largest flow structures, integral length scales are derived from the auto-correlation functions of the temporally averaged velocity. Additionally, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and higher-order statistics are applied to the instantaneous snapshots of the velocity fluctuations. The results show a high spatial heterogeneity of the velocity and other flow characteristics in vicinity of the rough surface, putting outer similarity treatment into jeopardy. Roughness effects are not confined to the vicinity of the rough surface but can be seen in the outer flow throughout the channel, indicating a different behavior than postulated by Townsend’s similarity hypothesis. The effects on the flow structures vary depending on the shape and size of the roughness elements leading to a high spatial dependence of the flow above the rough surface. Hence, any spatial averaging, e.g. assuming a characteristic sand grain roughness factor, for determining local flow parameters becomes less applicable in this case.
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| 49. |
- Baby, Sultana Nasrin, et al.
(författare)
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Application of GIS for Mapping Rainwater-Harvesting Potential : Case Study Wollert, Victoria
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 11:1, s. 14-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water is a basic normal asset for supporting the condition of life. Accessible water assets are feeling the squeeze because of expanding demand. Soon wa- ter, which we have epended upon to be accessible and an unconditional present of nature will turn into a rare roduct. Protection and conservation of water assets are desperately required. In many parts of Victoria, water supply to communities is limited. Rainwater harvesting systems can provide water ator near the point of demand. The systems can be owner and utility operated and managed. Rainwater collected using existing structures, i.e. rooftops, parking lots, playgrounds, parks, ponds, floodplains etc., has few negative en- vironmental impacts compared to other technologies for water resources de- velopment. Rainwater is relatively clean and the quality is usually acceptablefor many purposes with little or even no treatment. The physical and chemi- cal properties of rainwater are usually superior to sources of groundwater that may have been subjected to contamination. The present study was intended to measure the rooftop rainwater harvesting potential using GIS techniques. The GIS examination utilized in this investigation was basically an efficient assess- ment of rooftop water collecting in the chose Wollert which is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria. With the use of GIS it was conceivable to appraise the ag- gregate sum of water harvestable at the household level. It is very tedious work to assess the catchments available for rooftop rainwater harvesting. Here the roof surfaces are the catchments and GIS is employed to calculate the area of various types of roofs and their potential for planning for the area under study. As a result Eucalypt Estate Wollert has huge potential and can makeabove 179.11 litres water available per person per day throughout the year.
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| 50. |
- Baby, Sultana Nasrin, et al.
(författare)
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Developing a Spatial Tool for Assessing Coastal Community and Identifying Infrastructure at Risk
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - China : Scientific Research Publishing Inc. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 13:1, s. 45-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A recent trend of sea level shows constant rising. Sea level rise has caused asignificant risk to seaside areas. This study examines the potential effect ofclimate change and rising sea levels on coastal regions and evaluates the susceptibilityof coastal areas in Inverloch, Melbourne Australia. A model ofHypothetically Flooded Zones, based on LiDAR data was built, processed andmanipulated in ArcGIS. Through applying this model, the effect of rising sealevel on the infrastructures such as buildings, dwellings, roads, land use andthe population was assessed. Elevation data sets of varying resolution and accuracyhave been processed to show the improved quality of LiDAR datacontributes to a more precise delineation of flood-prone coastal lands. Afterthe susceptible areas to sea level rise were delineated, the worst-case scenariowas calculated (based on the increase in sea level projected for 2100) and itwould impacts about 0.86% of roads, 221 of different building infrastructures.This method can be used in other areas to protect the coasts due to rapidchanges caused by climate change.
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