| 81. |
- Hommadi, Ali H., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient in Carrot by Remote Sensing Methodology Using Drainage and River Water to Overcome Reduced Water Availability
- 2023
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 15:05, s. 352-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Searching for alternative methods for traditional irrigation is World trend at days due to a reduction in water and increased of drought due to climate changes therefore farmers need use modern methods of scheduling water and minimizing water losses while also increasing yield. To meet the future increasing demands water and food there is a need to utilize alternative methods to reduce evaporation, transpiration and deep percolation of water. Any countries use recycled water (drain and sewage) and desalination water from the sea or drains to irrigate crops plus computing actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc) so as to calculate the amount of water to apply to a crop.The paper aims to assess the actual evaporation and evaporation coefficient of carrots, by planting carrots in a field and the crop was exposed to several sources of water (DW and RW) and comparing ETc, Kc and production among plots of three sites (A, B and C). The study used two types of irrigation water (drain water (DW) and river water (RW)). The results were to monthly rate and accumulated actual evapotranspiration to C (irrigation by RW only) more than A (67% RW and 33% DW) and B (17% RW and 83%DW) via 7% and 58%, respectively. The yield to C more than A and B by 17% and 75%, respectively. In conclusion the use of DW can cause a reduction in crop consumptive of carrot crops also causes a reduction in yield, crop length, root length, root size, canopy of crop, number of leaves and biomass of the plant therefore, the drainage water needs to treated before irrigating crops And making use of it to irrigate the fields and fill the shortfall in the amount of water from the river. The drain water helped on filling the water shortage due to climate changes and giving production of carrot crop but less than river water.
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| 82. |
- Hommadi, Ali Hassan, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying the Euphrates Electric Conductivity Depending on Parameters by Dimensional Analysis Method
- 2023
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 15:05, s. 301-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The searching about methods to connect the variables with each other to reach equations including multi variables. The dimensional analysis is a method to facilitate the solution of difficult mathematic equations and experimental formulas; therefore methods of simplifying the difficult equations and obtaining a new equation with different variables is needed. In this study will use 2 methods (statically with dimensionally analysis) to obtain electric conductivity of water of Euphrates river by multi parameters that are time (t), temperature (Te), density, viscosity, discharge and water depth in upstream of Alhindya barrage which located in Babylon governorate, Iraq during winter 2019. The equations were obtained for EC with Te and t by data were collected from Alhindya barrage office with R2 = 0.999 and R2 = 0.995 by statically ways. Dimension analysis was utilized via 2 stages. In first stage was obtained on equation of EC with respect to Te, water density (ρ) and dynamic viscosity (μ) with constant time, depth of water and discharge and we obtain on R2 was 0.994 and R2 = 0.986. In second stage was obtained formula of ECwith respect to Te, water density (ρ), dynamic viscosity (μ), with variable time, depth of water and discharge with we obtain on R2 = 0.945 and R2 = 0.94. The result of research indicates that applying the dimension analysis to connect more than one variable with each other to find best solutions and best methods to facilitate the solving the equations. From dimension analysis gave a clear visualization of the association of several variables to give a result that helps measure the electrical conductivity of water in the absence of a water test device.
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| 83. |
- Issa, Issa E., et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring and Evaluating the Sedimentation Process in Mosul Dam Reservoir Using Trap Efficiency Approaches
- 2015
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:4, s. 190-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reservoirs are usually exposed to sediment accumulation problems that will lead to reduction in their storage capacity. This problem directly affects the performance of the dams and causes shortage of their useful life. The simplest technique to estimate sediment deposition rate is using sediment rating curve with sediment trapping efficiency (TE) of the reservoir. Many empirical and semi-empirical approaches have been suggested for to determine this term depending on the annual inflow rate, reservoir characteristics and features of the catchments area. In this study six different empirical methods depending on the residence time principle (water retention time) were used. These approaches were reviewed and applied to determine TE of Mosul dam reservoir (MDR) for period 1986 to 2011. The monthly operating data for inflow, outflow and water elevations for MDR were used to determine monthly TE and long-term TE for whole period of MDR using the mentioned methods. Furthermore, the monthly inflow rate for River Tigris upstream MDR, its sediment rating curve and sediment feeding from valleys around MDR were used to estimate the amount sediment coming to the reservoir. The results provided by these methods for TE withsediment coming to MDR were used to compute the amount of sediment deposited in MDR on monthly bases during this period. The results obtained were evaluated using observed bathymetric survey data that had been collected in 2011 after 25 years of the operation of the dam. The results showed all the mentioned methods gave convergent results and they were very close to bathymetric survey results for estimating the volume of sediment deposited especially that proposed by Ward which gave 0.368% percentage error. Furthermore, the result computed using monthly TE gave good agreement if compared with that long-term TE where the percentage error was ranging between −3.229% to 1.674% for monthly adopted data and −4.862% to −2.477% for whole period data. It is believed that this work will help others to use this procedure on other reservoirs.
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| 84. |
- Issa, Issa E., et al.
(författare)
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Sedimentation processes and useful life of Mosul dam Reservoir, Iraq
- 2013
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 5:10, s. 779-784
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sedimentation process is the most important problems that affect directly the performance of reservoirs due to the reduction of the storage capacity and possible problems effecting the operation. Thus periodic assessment of the storage capacity and determining sediment deposition patterns is an important issue for operation and management of the reservoirs. In this study, bathymetric survey results and an analytical approach had been used to assess the characteristics of sedimentation and estimate the useful life of Mosul Reservoir. It is located on the Tigris River in the north of Iraq. The water surface area of its reservoir is 380 km2 with a designed storage capacity of 11.11 km3 at a maximum operating level (330 m a.s.l). The dam started operating in 1986. No detailed study was yet carried out to assess its reservoir. The present study indicated that the annual reduction rate in the dead and live storage capacities of the reservoir is 0.786% and 0.276% respectively. The observed results (bathymetric survey) and algebraic formula show approximately that the useful life of Mosul dam reservoir is about 125 years. Furthermore, the stage-storage capacity curves for the future periods (prediction curves) were established using bathymetric survey data.
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| 85. |
- Jameel, Mazin, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Drought in the Northern Prone of Iraq Using Standardized Precipitation Index
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 15:10, s. 691-708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drought becomes a serious issue in Iraq as upstream countries water policies and climate change consequences. It has negative impacts on different sectors, the environment, biodiversity, economy, and water resources. Long periods of severe drought and no rainfall winter are continuing during the last decades and the trend lines of the drought index gravitate toward unrecorded levels. This research studied the drought by using the standardized precipitation index “SPI” by analyzing the rainfall record since 1980 for the northern prone of Iraq which includes Kurdistan Region Governorates “KRG” (Sulaymaniya, Erbil, and Dohuk), Mosul, and Kirkuk to find out the drought pattern, magnitude, and duration, and mapping the results. This index is a very powerful index that is used worldwide when only rainfall data are available. SPI generator is used for more accuracy and confidence. The results show that all governorate has a vital issue and has a drought magnitude passed the thresholds of M = -1.0, -1.5, -2.0, -2.5, -3.0, and -4.0 which means a deficit in the soil moisture content, surface water, and groundwater. In Sulaymaniyah, the record for SPI3, SPI6, and SPI48 respectively is about -3.4, -3.54, and -2.63; in Erbil -2.73, -4.67, and -2.72; in Dohuk -4.22, -4.34, and -2.25; in Mosul -2.57, -2.16: in Kirkuk -3.39, -3.04, and -3.41. It is clear that all governorates have depletion in groundwater except Mosul which has contentious recharge, and in Erbil, both soil moisture and surface water has no huge deficit due to high rainfall and snowpack in the region. The results concluded that the whole region is subject to drought and under threat of water resources depletion; it needs urgent long-term plans in a sustainable manner to manage and conserve those sources and mitigate the climate change consequences.
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| 86. |
- Jia, Qi, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of wind erosion of the Aitik tailings dam using SWEEP model
- 2014
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 6:7, s. 355-364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste impoundments are usually not protected by any growing crops, soil roughness, or wind barriers, and dust due to wind erosion of the surface waste material can be a major environmental problem. The tailings dam in Aitik is highly susceptible to wind erosion when it is dry and windy. Strong dust storms may occur during dry seasons. These events are short-lived but may transport a huge amount of particulate matter and adversely impact air quality in downwind areas. This study estimated material loss from the Aitik tailings dam using SWEEP model. The simulated total material loss, saltation and creep loss, suspension loss and PM10 loss were 4.4941kg/m2, 0.042 kg/m2, 4.4559 kg/m2, 0.264057 kg/m2 respectively. To control the dust generation wind breaks could be suggested to be installed at 800m downwind the upwind edge of the tailings dam to reduce the saltation and creep and it would in turn reduce suspended emission. The measured total suspended material for five days by exposure profiling method was 0.475kg/m2, which had a big difference with simulate a value of 4.4559 kg/m2. Many reasons contributed to the disagreement of simulated value and measured value in this study. In order to use the model for mining industry more tests are needed to validate the modeling result and calibration methods could be useful in adjusting the internal coefficients and empirical equations.
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| 87. |
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| 88. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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”Integrated Design Process” a concept for Green Energy Engineering
- 2013
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 5:3, s. 292-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consulting Engineers and Architects are currently experimenting with the concept of “Integrated Design Process” (IDP). This paper views Integrated Design Process as a process tool and a concept for management and organization of the green energy engineering process. Moreover such a concept is understood both as systematic knowledge and a symbolic device for enabling change. The paper briefly review international variants, and focus on two variants present in Den-mark: an architect and engineering variant of IDP. The differences between the concepts include different roles for main actors, the use of information technology, the relation to lean, and forms of collaboration. The paper discusses two building projects focusing on teams of engineers and architects in the early conceptual phase. One develops a solution focused on energy saving technologies, the other on energy producing. It is argued that in this practical context, IDP is viewed as ambiguous and not well defined, and the architects and engineer work hard understanding and using the con-cepts even when directly involved. It is difficult to reach consensus on how to do it. The various players agree that an increased interdisciplinary interaction in the design team is necessary in order to comply with the increased complexity of green energy building design. IDP shows potential as a driver for green energy engineering and technologies, as tra-ditional roles and responsibilities in the design process is changed, and sustainable solutions for green buildings can reach a higher standard and quality and are integrated earlier in the design process.
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| 89. |
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| 90. |
- Lindblom, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Possibilities of reducing energy consumption by Optimization of Ground Source Heat Pump Systems in Babylon, Iraq
- 2016
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:3, s. 130-139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq is located in the Middle East with an area that reaches 437072 km2 and a population of about 36 million. This country is suffering from severe electricity shortage problems which are expected to increase with time. In this research, an attempt is made to minimize this problem by combining the borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) with a heat pump, the indoor temperature of a residential building or other facility may be increased or reduced beyond the temperature interval of the heat carrier fluid.Due to the relatively high ground temperature in Middle Eastern countries, the Seasonal thermal energy storages (STES) and Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems have a remarkable potential, partly because the reduced thermal losses from the underground storage and the expected high COP (ratio of thermal energy gain to required driving energy (electricity)) of a heat pump, partly because of the potential for using STES directly for heating and cooling. In this research, groundwater conditions of Babylon city in Iraq were investigated to evaluate the possibility of using GSHP to reduce energy consumption. It is believed that such system will reduce consumed energy by about 60%.
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