| 81. |
- Ruotsalainen, Ilona, et al.
(författare)
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Physical activity and aerobic fitness in relation to local and interhemispheric functional connectivity in adolescents' brains
- 2021
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Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2162-3279. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Adolescents have experienced decreased aerobic fitness levels and insufficient physical activity levels over the past decades. While both physical activity and aerobic fitness are related to physical and mental health, little is known concerning how they manifest in the brain during this stage of development, characterized by significant physical and psychosocial changes. The aim of the study is to examine the associations between both physical activity and aerobic fitness with brains’ functional connectivity.Methods: Here, we examined how physical activity and aerobic fitness are associated with local and interhemispheric functional connectivity of the adolescent brain (n = 59), as measured with resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Physical activity was measured by hip‐worn accelerometers, and aerobic fitness by a maximal 20‐m shuttle run test.Results: We found that higher levels of moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity, but not aerobic fitness, were linked to increased local functional connectivity as measured by regional homogeneity in 13–16‐year‐old participants. However, we did not find evidence for significant associations between adolescents’ physical activity or aerobic fitness and interhemispheric connectivity, as indicated by homotopic connectivity.Conclusions: These results suggest that physical activity, but not aerobic fitness, is related to local functional connectivity in adolescents. Moreover, physical activity shows an association with a specific brain area involved in motor functions but did not display any widespread associations with other brain regions. These results can advance our understanding of the behavior–brain associations in adolescents.
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| 82. |
- Sabir Rashid, Avan, et al.
(författare)
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Homonymous visual field defect and retinal thinning after occipital stroke
- 2021
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Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 2162-3279. ; 11:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Stroke is the most common cause of homonymous visual field defects (VFD). About half of the stroke patients recover from VFD. However, relationship between VFD and retinal changes remains elusive. Purpose To investigate the association between occurrence of VFD, changes of macular ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and its axon retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) detected with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Patients and methods The study consists of retrospective review of medical records and follow-up examinations. Patients with acute occipital stroke were registered. VFD was identified with confrontation and/or perimetry tests at the onset. At follow-up, the patients were examined with visual field tests and OCT measurements. Results Thirty-six patients met the inclusion criteria. At onset, 26 patients (72%) had VFD. At follow-up >1 year after stroke, 13 patients (36%) had remaining VFD: 5 had homonymous hemianopia, 5 had homonymous quadrantanopia, and 3 had homonymous scotomas. Average thickness of GCIPL and RNFL were significantly reduced in each eye in patients with VFD compared to non-VFD (NVFD) (p < .01 for all comparisons). Thickness of superior and inferior RNFL quadrants was significantly reduced in VFD compared to NVFD (p < .01 for both). Among these 13 patients, 4 had characteristic homonymous quadrant-GCIPL thinning, 2 had characteristic homonymous hemi-GCIPL thinning, and 7 had diffuse GCIPL thinning. Conclusion GCIPL and RNFL thinning were observed in the patients with VFD. GCIPL thinning appears in two forms: atypical diffuse thinning, or homonymous hemi-GCIPL thinning. Examining GCIPL and RNFL provides easy and reliable objective measures and is therefore proposed to be of predictive value on visual function.
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| 83. |
- Sabre, Liis, et al.
(författare)
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Diversity in mental fatigue and social profile of patients with myasthenia gravis in two different Northern European countries
- 2017
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Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : WILEY. - 2162-3279. ; 7:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tntroduction: Self-estimated health can be used for comparison of different diseases between countries. It is important to elaborate on whether disparities in self-estimated health are due to disease-specific parameters or socioeconomic differences. In this study, we aimed at evaluating clinical and social similarities and differences in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients between comparable regions in two Baltic Sea countries, Estonia and Sweden. Methods: This cross-sectional study included southern counties in Sweden and Estonia of comparable size. All patients with a confirmed MG diagnosis were asked to answer two questionnaires including demographic and disease-specific data, lifestyle issues, and mental fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale [FSS]). Clinical fatigue was assessed objectively through the Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis Score (QMG). Results: Thirty-six of 92 identified patients in Estonia and 40 of 70 identified MG patients in Sweden chose to participate in the study. The demographic characteristics and symptoms reported by the patients were similar. QMG score did not differ; however, the Estonian patients scored their current subjective disease severity significantly higher (5.6 +/- 2.8) compared to the Swedish patients (3.4 +/- 2.3, p=.0005). Estonian patients also had significantly higher FSS scores (5.0 +/- 1.7) than Swedish patients (3.5 +/- 1.6; p=.001). Swedish patients were more active and performed physical activity more regularly (29.1% in Estonia and 74.2% in Sweden, p=.004). Conclusions: Although, the patients had comparable clinical fatigue, Estonian patients evaluated their health state as being more severe and reported more mental fatigue than Swedish patients. These data indicate large regional differences in disease perception of MG, which is important to consider in international studies.
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| 84. |
- Sandström, Linda, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Speech intelligibility in Parkinson's disease patients with zona incerta deep brain stimulation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2162-3279. ; 5:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of l-dopa (Levodopa) and cZi-DBS (deep brain stimulation in caudal zona incerta) on spontaneous speech intelligibility in patients with PD (Parkinson's disease).Materials and MethodsSpontaneous utterances were extracted from anechoic recordings from 11 patients with PD preoperatively (off and on l-dopa medication) and 6 and 12 months post bilateral cZi-DBS operation (off and on stimulation, with simultaneous l-dopa medication). Background noise with an amplitude corresponding to a clinical setting was added to the recordings. Intelligibility was assessed through a transcription task performed by 41 listeners in a randomized and blinded procedure.ResultsA group-level worsening in spontaneous speech intelligibility was observed on cZi stimulation compared to off 6 months postoperatively (8 adverse, 1 positive, 2 no change). Twelve months postoperatively, adverse effects of cZi-DBS were not frequently observed (2 positive, 3 adverse, 6 no change). l-dopa administered preoperatively as part of the evaluation for DBS operation provided the overall best treatment outcome (1 adverse, 4 positive, 6 no change).ConclusionscZi-DBS was shown to have smaller negative effects when evaluated from spontaneous speech compared to speech effects reported previously. The previously reported reduction in word-level intelligibility 12 months postoperatively was not transferred to spontaneous speech for most patients. Reduced intelligibility due to cZi stimulation was much more prominent 6 months postoperatively than at 12 months.
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| 85. |
- Sandvig, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Codman microcerebrospinal fluid shunt
- 2018
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Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2162-3279. ; 8:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Ventriculo-peritoneal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt is the most common method of treating pediatric hydrocephalus. The Codman microadjustable valve (CMAV) is a CSF shunt constructed for children. The objective of the study was (a) to analyze complications after insertion of a CMAV shunt in hydrocephalic children, (b)to analyze complications after replacing a CMAV by an adult-type Codman Hakim adjustable valve shunt (CHAV), and to (c) analyze the in vitro characteristics of the CMAV shunt and correlate the findings with the clinical performance of the shunt.Methods: A retrospective study analyzed a cohort of hydrocephalic children who had received a CMAV shunt and later replaced by a CHAV shunt. We report on the complications that resulted from replacing the CMAV with the CHAV. We tested six CMAV shunts with or without an antisiphon device (ASD) in which opening pressure, resistance, sensitivity to abdominal pressure, ASD position dependency, and function were determined. The test results were correlated with the clinical performance of the shunt in the retrospective study.Results: Thirty-seven children (19 boys, 18 girls) were identified. Within the first month after shunt placement, a total of 10 patients (27%) developed complications including infections, hygromas, and shunt dysfunction. Shunt survival varied from 1week to 145 months. Over the 10-year follow-up period, 13 children had their shunts replaced, six of them with a CHAV without any further complications. A bench test of the CMAV was done to test whether the opening pressure was in agreement with the manufacturer's specifications. Our results were generally in agreement with specifications stated by the manufacturer.Conclusion: Replacing a CMAV with a CHAV was well tolerated by the patients. Bench test results were generally in agreement with manufacturers specifications. Replacing a CMAV with a CHAV in pediatric hydrocephalus patients can be accomplished safely.
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| 86. |
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| 87. |
- Scharfenort, Monica, et al.
(författare)
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Close relationships in Parkinson ' s disease patients with device-aided therapy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2162-3279. ; 11:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Deep brain stimulation, continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion, and levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion, together called device-aided therapies (DAT), are introduced when oral and transdermal pharmacotherapy are not enough for a satisfactory control of Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms. Solid relationships are central to an individual's well-being, but the impact of close relationships in advanced PD remains underexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of close relationships between PD patients and their partners following the initiation of DAT and to examine the relationship structures in these relationships.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective quantitative multicenter pilot study wherein 41 couples, patients with advanced PD and their partners, retrospectively rated their relationship satisfaction before the start of DAT, after one year of DAT and at the time of the interview. The couples also answered the Experiences in Close Relationships-Questionnaire of Relational Structures (ECR-RS).Results: Partners more often report changes in relationship satisfaction than patients between baseline and both 1 year after start of DAT (p = .049) and last evaluation (p = .041). The ECR-RS data reported significantly higher avoidance score for partners (p = .005) and significantly higher anxiety score for patients (p = .024).Conclusions: The close relationship wherein one part has PD and receives DAT has a high risk of being unequal. Prospective studies are needed for further clarification of the interplay between advanced PD, DAT, and close relationships, this in order to improve pre- and postinterventional support for PD patients receiving DAT, as well as their partners.
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| 88. |
- Sehlström, Malcolm, et al.
(författare)
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The relation of neuroticism to physiological and behavioral stress responses induced by auditory startle
- 2022
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Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2162-3279. ; 12:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The negative cognitive effects of the startle response are not yet fully understood. Ecological observations in the aviation field indicate risk for severe outcomes in complex or pressured situations, while sparse previous research suggests milder negative effects on simple cognitive tasks. Neuroticism is proposed as a factor related to the level of negative effects following startle.Methods: This study examined the effects of startle on performance in a choice reaction time task and analyzed relations between performance, neuroticism, and physiological stress.Results: Our results indicate that reaction time directly following startle was not affected, but reaction time in subsequent trials was significantly slower. Neuroticism and physiological stress were both unrelated to this performance effect.Discussion: We argue that higher complexity/demand tasks are necessary to complement the research on base cognitive functioning in relation to startle. If neuroticism is related to startle effects, this is more likely to be found in these higher demand situations.
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| 89. |
- Shah, Syed Muhammad Ismail, et al.
(författare)
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COVID‐19 and myasthenia gravis : A review of neurological implications of the SARS‐COV‐2
- 2022
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Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : Wiley. - 2162-3279. ; 12:12
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionThis review highlights the potential mechanisms of neuromuscular manifestation of COVID-19, especially myasthenia gravis (MG).MethodsAn extensive literature search was conducted by two independent investigators using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar from its inception to December 2020.ResultsExacerbations of clinical symptoms in patients of MG who were treated with some commonly used COVID-19 drugs has been reported, with updated recommendations of management of symptoms of neuromuscular disorders. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can induce the immune response to trigger autoimmune neurological disorders.ConclusionsFurther clinical studies are warranted to indicate and rather confirm if MG in the setting of COVID-19 can pre-existent subclinically or develop as a new-onset disease.
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| 90. |
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