| 231. |
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| 232. |
- Wagner, W, et al.
(författare)
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Europe ambivalent on biotechnology
- 1997
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Ingår i: Nature. - London : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 387, s. 845-847
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Eurobarometer on Biotechnology (46.1) was conducted during October and November 1996. The survey conducted in each EU (European Union) country used a multi-stage random sampling procedure and provided a statistically representative sample of national residents aged 15 and over. The total sample within the EU was 16,246 respondents (about 1,000 per EU country). The survey questionnaire was designed by the authors as part of a larger study involving the comparative analysis of public perceptions, media coverage and public policy in relation to biotechnology from 1973 to the present.
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| 233. |
- Wahlin, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Loving care in the ambulance service
- 1995
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Ingår i: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing. - London : Churchill Livingstone. - 0964-3397 .- 1532-4036. ; 11:6, s. 306-313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ambulance service should offer good care signified by humane and individual treatment of the patients, based on love to our fellow man. The aim of this study was to find out how loving care was practised in one ambulance service. The method for the study was the critical incident technique. Twelve paramedics, the majority of whom are qualified nurses, took part in the study; they were asked to describe, in writing, critical incidents in which they had acted with loving care. The paramedics’ writings disclosed their ability to do their job with loving care, bearing on their cognizance, solicitude and empathy. On the whole, subject cognizance, the ability to judge and treat based upon the monitored symptoms of the patients, was apparent. In the main, subject solicitude loving care was shown through humbleness, consideration, closeness and being in rapport, and generally subject empathy, the paramedic’s empathic capacity and his knowledge about man’s behaviour in a crisis, became evident. From a clinical standpoint the study shows the importance of the paramedics possessing professional skill. As a contribution to science the study adds to continued research based upon descriptions made by other groups of personnel about the phenomenon to be studied; namely, loving care. © 1995 Pearson Professional Ltd.
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| 234. |
- Weisner, Stefan E.B. 1954-
(författare)
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Effects of an organic sediment on performance of young Phragmites australis clones at different water depth treatments
- 1996
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Ingår i: Hydrobiologia. - Dordrecht, Netherlands : Springer Netherlands. - 0018-8158 .- 1573-5117. ; 330:3, s. 189-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Performance of young Phragmites australis plants was examined after 7 weeks on an artificial nutrient-enriched inorganic substrate and on the same substrate to which an organic sediment from a eutrophic lake was added, at three different water depth treatments. Growth decreased, and proportional allocation of biomass to roots increased, with the addition of sediment. These differences were significant in shallow and deep water, but not at a medium depth. Concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in plant biomass decreased, and concentration of iron increased, with addition of sediment. The effects of sediment addition may have resulted from a decreased availability of nutrients in the substrate or from an impaired root functioning. Nutrient exhaustion in the substrate, due to a fast plant growth, can explain the relatively strong effects in shallow water. Deep water, on the other hand, probably restricted oxygen transport to the roots, resulting in an impaired root functioning in the low-redox sediment environment. The results show that, especially in relatively deep water, growth of undisturbed plants of P. australis may be inhibited by eutrophication of sediments, probably because of an impaired root functioning in sediments containing reduced toxic compounds (e.g. ferrous iron).
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| 235. |
- Weisner, Stefan E.B. 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms regulating abundance of submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes
- 1997
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Ingår i: Oecologia. - Heidelberg,Germany : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 109:4, s. 592-599
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shallow eutrophic lakes tend to be either in a turbid state dominated by phytoplankton or in a clear-water state dominated by submerged macrovegetation. Recent studies suggest that the low water turbidity in the clear-water state is maintained through direct and in-direct effects of the submerged vegetation. This study examined what mechanisms may cause a recession of the submerged vegetation in the clear-water state, and thereby a switch to the turbid state. The spatial distribution of submerged vegetation biomass was investigated in two shallow eutrophic lakes in the clear-water state in southern Sweden. Biomass of submerged vegetation was positively correlated with water depth and wave exposure, which also were mutually correlated, suggesting that mechanisms hampering submerged vegetation were strongest at shallow and/or sheltered locations. The growth of Myriophyllum spicatum, planted in the same substrate and at the same water depth, was compared between sheltered and wave exposed sites in two lakes. After 6 weeks the plants were significantly smaller at the sheltered sites, where periphyton production was about 5 times higher than at the exposed sites. Exclosure experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of waterfowl grazing on macrophyte biomass. Potamogeton pectinatus growth was decreased by grazing, whereas M. spicatum was not affected. The effects were greater at a sheltered than at a wave-exposed site, and also negatively related to distance from the reed belt. These results suggest that competition from epiphytes and waterfowl grazing hamper the development of submerged vegetation at sheltered and/or shallow locations. An increased strength of these mechanisms may cause a recession of submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes in the clear-water state and thereby a switch to the turbid state.
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| 236. |
- Weisner, Stefan, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Rhizome architecture in Phragmites australis in relation to water depth : Implications for within-plant oxygen transport distances
- 1996
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Ingår i: Folia Geobotanica. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 1211-9520 .- 1874-9348. ; 31:1, s. 91-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phragmites australis (CAV.) TRlN. ex STEUD. is a perennial plant, largely relying on its rhizomes for resource storage, spreading and anchorage in the substrate. Vertical distribution and length of horizontal rhizomes of Phragmites australis were investigated at the reed bed edge in a lake in southern Sweden. In deep water, horizontal rhizomes were relatively short and superficially situated in the substrate. It is hypothesised that this is an adaptation to water depth by keeping O-2-transport distances through shoots and rhizomes as short as possible. In shallow water, P. australis rhizomes generally penetrated deeply into the substrate, probably improving anchorage and nutrient uptake possibilities. Further, horizontal rhizomes were longer in shallow water, which may increase the rate of vegetative spread. Because of these changes in rhizome architecture, "critical within-plant oxygen transport distances" did not change with water depth. This indicates that P. australis maximises the extension of its rhizomes in relation to spatial differences in water depth. This may limit the ability of P. australis to tolerate sudden temporal increases in water depth or eutrophication.
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| 237. |
- Werner, Sven, Professor emeritus, 1952-
(författare)
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Fjärrvärme till småhus : värmeförluster och distributionskostnader
- 1997
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport ges en kortfattad beskrivning av vissa förutsättningar för leverans av fjärrvärme till småhusområden. Speciellt redovisas värmeförluster i och relativa kostnader för det lokala distributionsnätet. Historiskt har dessa parametrar uppfattats som de främsta hindren för fjärrvärme till småhus. För att beskriva förutsättningarna används en metodik som utvecklades för 15 år sedan, Werner 1982 & 1985. Värmeförluster beror av fyra parametrar: isoleringsgrad, temperaturnivå, ledningsgeometri och linjetäthet. Det är lätt att få höga förluster i ett småhusområde genom en ofördelaktig kombination av de fyra parametrarna. Framtida förluster från nya anslutningar av småhusområden kan hållas nere genom bättre isoleringsgrader genom att användning av tvillingrör, lägre temperaturnivåer samt genom att undvika småhusområden med låga linjetätheter. Kapitalkostnaden för fjärrvärmeledningar kan hållas nere genom låga anläggningskostnader samt höga linjetätheter, som dels erhålls genom en effektiv ledningsdragning och dels genom anslutning av områden med höga värmetätheter. Linjetäthet är den parameter som starkast påverkar ekonomin med fjärrvärme till småhus, då såväl värmeförluster som kapitalkostnaden för distributionsnätet beror av denna parameter. För småhusområden varierar linjetätheten mellan 0,4 och 1,5 MWh/m. Ju högre linjetäthet, desto bättre är förutsättningarna för fjärrvärme till småhus.
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| 238. |
- Wertz, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Potamogeton pectinatus and Myriophyllum spicatum response to sediments from a calcareous, shallow, eutrophic lake
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of freshwater ecology. - Philadelphia, United States : Taylor & Francis. - 0270-5060 .- 2156-6941. ; 12:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of sediment composition on the growth of Potamogeton pectinatus and Myriophyllum spicatum was evaluated by a greenhouse experiment in which segments of both species were grown on 37 sediments, which ranged from highly flocculent to sandy, collected from the calcareous, shallow eutrophic Lake Krankesjon. The two species responded similarly to the 37 sediment types; there was a strong correlation between the find biomass of M. spicatum and the find biomass of P. pectinatus for a given sediment type. Our results indicated that in these sediments, organic matter and density were not effective predictors of macrophyte growth. Root:shoot ratios of both P. pectinatus and M. spicatum were inversely related to the final biomass, and phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations of M. spicatum shoots were inversely related to root:shoot ratios. This suggests that plants were responding to sediment infertility by allocating proportionately more growth to root formation. Tissue analysis indicated that M. spicatum growth was phosphorus limited on some sediments, and this may have been a result of reduced phosphorus availability due to binding with calcium.
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| 239. |
- Wiberg, Per-Arne, 1953-
(författare)
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Graphical programming of time-deterministic real-time systems
- 1996
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Ingår i: Second IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems. - Los Alamitos, Calif. : IEEE Computer Society. - 0818676140 ; , s. 173-180
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we present the Picasso programming language and the underlying design philosophy. Our goal is to provide programmers working with distributed embedded real-time systems with a tool to manage the complexity of this class of systems. The proposed tool allows easy and safe changes of the system software and hardware at any time during the lifetime of the system. This means that even during operation the system can be changed safely. This is not only important for enhancing the design process but is also necessary for a class of systems that need to be in service at all times. We have chosen to call this approach Change-Orientation. The most characteristic properties of the language are that it is graphical and that it shows time explicitly. All processing is described as functional transformations. These transformations are called processes. A very direct way of implementing a process is possible because the semantics of the description maps directly on the computation model of the processor.
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| 240. |
- Wickström, Nicholas, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating pressure peak position and air-fuel ratio using the ionization current and artificial neural networks
- 1997
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Ingår i: IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems. - Piscataway, N.J. : IEEE. - 0780342690 ; , s. 927-977
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We propose two artificial neural network models which use the ionization current for estimation of the position of the pressure peak and the air-fuel ratio. The pressure peak position model produces estimates on a cycle-by-cycle basis for each of the cylinders. These estimates are twice as good as estimates obtained from a linear model. The air-fuel ratio model uses the universal exhaust gas oxygen sensor as reference; it produces estimates that are ten times better than estimates obtained fi om a linear model.
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