| 71611. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence and climate change : ethical issues
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1477-996X .- 1758-8871. ; 21:1, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to pinpoint and analyse ethical issues raised by the dual role of artificial intelligence (AI) in relation to climate change, that is, AI as a contributor to climate change and AI as a contributor to fighting climate change.Design/methodology/approachThis paper consists of three main parts. The first part provides a short background on AI and climate change respectively, followed by a presentation of empirical findings on the contribution of AI to climate change. The second part presents proposals by various AI researchers and commentators on how AI companies may contribute to fighting climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from training and use of AI and by providing AI assistance to various mitigation and adaptation measures. The final part investigates ethical issues raised by some of the options presented in the second part.FindingsAI applications may lead to substantial emissions but may also play an important role in mitigation and adaptation. Given this dual role of AI, ethical considerations by AI companies and governments are of vital importance.Practical implicationsThis paper pinpoints practical ethical issues that AI companies and governments should take into account.Social implicationsGiven the potential impact of AI on society, it is vital that AI companies and governments take seriously the ethical issues raised by the dual role of AI in relation to climate change.Originality/valueAI has been the subject of substantial ethical investigation, and even more so has climate change. However, the relationship between AI and climate change has received only limited attention from an ethical perspective. This paper provides such considerations.
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| 71612. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Bör djur och människor behandlas olika eller lika?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Djuren är väl också människor. - Skara : Institutionen för husdjurens miljö och hälsa, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. ; , s. 71-78
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 71613. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Can genomics tell me who I am? : Essentialistic rhetoric in direct-to-consumer DNA testing
- 2009
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Ingår i: New genetics and society (Print). - : Informa UK Limited. - 1463-6778 .- 1469-9915. ; 28:2, s. 157-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, a high number of companies have emerged that offer online direct-to-consumer DNA testing. We investigate these consumer genomics companies through the lens of identity. We find that many of them appeal to a kind of "genetic essentialism". We suggest that this appeal is key to understanding why consumers are attracted to their services. There seem to be three very different currents within contemporary culture at work: the pre-modern search for a naturalistic understanding of identity, the modern enthusiasm for science, and the post-modern emphasis on radical individual self-determination. The support for our hypothesis comes from the companies' websites and the online testimonials of satisfied customers. We discuss the risk of distortion of the subjective experience of identity due to unreliable or uninformative test results, inadequate or misleading explanation, and the fact that the science is still too weak to yield meaningful results.
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| 71614. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Climate Change and National Self-Interest
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 29:6, s. 1043-1055
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mitigation of climate change is often described as a tragedy of the commons. According to this theoretical framework, it is collectively rational for present-generation countries to mitigate climate change, but not individually rational to do so. It is rather in national self-interest to ‘free-ride’ on the mitigation actions of other countries. In this paper, I discuss two arguments criticizing this view. According to these arguments, it is in most cases individually rational for present-generation countries to mitigate, i.e., it is in their national self-interest. The first argument focuses on national self-interest in terms of economic efficiency, the second on national self-interest in terms of national security. I conclude that the critical arguments to a large extent are tenable, but that they seem to underestimate the significance of those cases in which it is not in national self-interest to mitigate climate change. In these cases the tragedy of the commons framework is still applicable.
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| 71615. |
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| 71616. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Consumer genomics companies and their appeal to empowerment
- 2013
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Ingår i: Genomics and democracy. - Amsterdam/New York : Rodopi. - 9789042037199 ; , s. 257-274
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book addresses the ethical and political questions flowing from the vastly increased possibilities to manipulate the genetic properties of organisms, including human beings. Due to the great complexity of the scientific fields involved, these questions are framed and answered mostly by scientific experts. But the new technological possibilities and social practices connected with genetic manipulation intrude into domains that for a long time have been the provenance of religious and secular worldviews and touch upon deep-seated convictions and emotions. Moreover they are strongly influenc.
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| 71617. |
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| 71618. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Crisis management and public health : ethical principles for priority setting at a regional level in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Public Health Ethics. - : Oxford University Press. - 1754-9973 .- 1754-9981. ; 8:1, s. 72-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article I analyse and discuss guidelines for priority setting in crisis management at a regional level in Sweden. The guidelines concern three types of crises: pandemics, large losses of electric power and interruptions in water supply. Pandemics are typical public health issues. Large losses of electric power and interruptions in water supply are in themselves not, but may have serious public health consequences. These guidelines are compared with guidelines for priority setting in health care. This is done because of the central position of health care in the management of many different types of crises. The comparison shows clear differences. In the analysis, I use a distinction between substantive principles of priority setting and process-oriented principles. Regarding substantive principles, I have found that the guidelines point in different directions. This seems acceptable, however, since they focus on different problems. Moreover, it seems possible to integrate the various context-dependent principles by relating them to higher order principles. Regarding process-oriented principles, I have found that how and to what extent these principles are applied in the guidelines vary. If we want to apply these principles in a more satisfying way, this would require a more systematic approach.
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| 71619. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Designing Preclinical Studies in Germline Gene Editing : Scientific and Ethical Aspects
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1176-7529 .- 1872-4353. ; 16, s. 559-570
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human germline gene editing is often debated in hypothetical terms: if it were safe and efficient, on what further conditions would it then be ethically acceptable? This paper takes another course. The key question is: how can scientists reduce uncertainty about safety and efficiency to a level that may justify initiation of first-time clinical trials? The only way to proceed is by well-designed preclinical studies. However, what kinds of investigation should preclinical studies include and what specific conditions should they satisfy in order to be considered well-designed? It is argued that multispecies and multigenerational animal studies are needed as well as human embryo editing without implantation. In order to be possible to translate to first-time clinical trials, animal studies need to satisfy strict conditions of validity. Moreover, embryo studies intended for translation to first-time clinical trials need to correspond to the animal studies in experimental design (with exception of implantation). Only in this way can uncertainty about risk for harm (safety) and prospect of benefit (efficiency) in first-time clinical trials be reduced to a modest level. If uncertainty is not reduced to such a level, first-time clinical trials in germline gene editing should not be initiated.
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| 71620. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Djuretiska plattformar i livsmedelsbranschen
- 2008
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Ingår i: Djuren är väl också människor. - Skara : Institutionen för husdjurens miljö och hälsa, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. ; , s. 41-57
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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