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31.
  • Abada, A., et al. (författare)
  • Future Circular Collider : Vol. 3 The Hadron Collider (FCC-hh)
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Future Circular Collider. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Particle physics has arrived at an important moment of its history. The discovery of the Higgs boson, with a mass of 125 GeV, completes the matrix of particles and interactions that has constituted the “Standard Model” for several decades. This model is a consistent and predictive theory, which has so far proven successful at describing all phenomena accessible to collider experiments. However, several experimental facts do require the extension of the Standard Model and explanations are needed for observations such as the abundance of matter over antimatter, the striking evidence for dark matter and the non-zero neutrino masses. Theoretical issues such as the hierarchy problem, and, more in general, the dynamical origin of the Higgs mechanism, do likewise point to the existence of physics beyond the Standard Model. This report contains the description of a novel research infrastructure based on a highest-energy hadron collider with a centre-of-mass collision energy of 100 TeV and an integrated luminosity of at least a factor of 5 larger than the HL-LHC. It will extend the current energy frontier by almost an order of magnitude. The mass reach for direct discovery will reach several tens of TeV, and allow, for example, to produce new particles whose existence could be indirectly exposed by precision measurements during the earlier preceding e+e– collider phase. This collider will also precisely measure the Higgs self-coupling and thoroughly explore the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking at the TeV scale, to elucidate the nature of the electroweak phase transition. WIMPs as thermal dark matter candidates will be discovered, or ruled out. As a single project, this particle collider infrastructure will serve the world-wide physics community for about 25 years and, in combination with a lepton collider (see FCC conceptual design report volume 2), will provide a research tool until the end of the 21st century. Collision energies beyond 100 TeV can be considered when using high-temperature superconductors. The European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update 2013 stated “To stay at the forefront of particle physics, Europe needs to be in a position to propose an ambitious post-LHC accelerator project at CERN by the time of the next Strategy update”. The FCC study has implemented the ESPP recommendation by developing a long-term vision for an “accelerator project in a global context”. This document describes the detailed design and preparation of a construction project for a post-LHC circular energy frontier collider “in collaboration with national institutes, laboratories and universities worldwide”, and enhanced by a strong participation of industrial partners. Now, a coordinated preparation effort can be based on a core of an ever-growing consortium of already more than 135 institutes worldwide. The technology for constructing a high-energy circular hadron collider can be brought to the technology readiness level required for constructing within the coming ten years through a focused R&D; programme. The FCC-hh concept comprises in the baseline scenario a power-saving, low-temperature superconducting magnet system based on an evolution of the Nb3Sn technology pioneered at the HL-LHC, an energy-efficient cryogenic refrigeration infrastructure based on a neon-helium (Nelium) light gas mixture, a high-reliability and low loss cryogen distribution infrastructure based on Invar, high-power distributed beam transfer using superconducting elements and local magnet energy recovery and re-use technologies that are already gradually introduced at other CERN accelerators. On a longer timescale, high-temperature superconductors can be developed together with industrial partners to achieve an even more energy efficient particle collider or to reach even higher collision energies.The re-use of the LHC and its injector chain, which also serve for a concurrently running physics programme, is an essential lever to come to an overall sustainable research infrastructure at the energy frontier. Strategic R&D; for FCC-hh aims at minimising construction cost and energy consumption, while maximising the socio-economic impact. It will mitigate technology-related risks and ensure that industry can benefit from an acceptable utility. Concerning the implementation, a preparatory phase of about eight years is both necessary and adequate to establish the project governance and organisation structures, to build the international machine and experiment consortia, to develop a territorial implantation plan in agreement with the host-states’ requirements, to optimise the disposal of land and underground volumes, and to prepare the civil engineering project. Such a large-scale, international fundamental research infrastructure, tightly involving industrial partners and providing training at all education levels, will be a strong motor of economic and societal development in all participating nations. The FCC study has implemented a set of actions towards a coherent vision for the world-wide high-energy and particle physics community, providing a collaborative framework for topically complementary and geographically well-balanced contributions. This conceptual design report lays the foundation for a subsequent infrastructure preparatory and technical design phase.
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32.
  • Abaravicius, Juozas (författare)
  • Demand Side Activities for Electric Load Reduction
  • 2007
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The research described in this thesis, focuses on some activities on the demand side that could reduce peak load in electricity system by using consumer flexibility i.e. by increasing the demand side response to signals coming from the energy market. The major objective is to test and analyse different strategies to reduce peak load at the demand side considering their techno-economic, environmental and behavioural aspects. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used, including the detailed energy use data evaluation, direct and indirect load control experiments and interviews with residential and commercial consumers and utilities. One general conclusion of this research process is that there's a lack of knowledge and information on load demand variation and its consequences both on the consumer side and the utility side. New automated interval metering technologies enable 'visibility' of electricity use, however this potentially valuable information is rarely analysed and used. Modern metering and communication systems enable utilities to perform direct load control measures and to automate demand response. As the experiments with direct load control at residential consumers show, these measures could be implemented without significant comfort losses for the consumers. However, the value of this kind of demand side actions needs to be clearly expressed or quantified both for consumers and the supplier. Indirect load control with the help of various types of pricing is possible, but needs to have more significant financial motivation for the consumers than the present offers give. The results of the analysed examples of a tariff with a load demand component indicate that consumers' electrical expenses have to be more considerably reduced if they are to significantly 'improve' the consumption patterns. Utilities, for example one of those analysed in our case studies, may not assess indirect load control as a reliable resource. Therefore the integration of direct and indirect load control measures could be an attractive solution for them. Load reduction strategies at the demand side could influence the environmental performance of an energy system by decreasing emissions and preventing the distortion of territories. Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that the environmental effects depend on the prevalent generation and transmission system and could be different on different levels - regional, national and local - as the analysis example of the Swedish case, described in this thesis, shows. Load management and demand response could be considered as a socially responsible behaviour rather than only a solution to techno-economic problems of an energy market. The results of this research showed interesting examples proving that certain residential and commercial consumers are willing to participate in demand response programs from a corporate social responsibility point of view.
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33.
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34.
  • Abaravicius, Juozas (författare)
  • Load Management in Residential Buildings: Considering Techno-Economical and Environmental Aspects
  • 2004
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Load problems in electricity markets occur both on the supply and demand side and can have technical, economic and even political causes. Commonly, such problems have been solved by expanding production and/or distribution capacity, importing electricity or by load management. Load management is a techno-economic measure for harmonizing the relations between supply and demand sides, optimizing power generation and transmission and increasing security of supply. Interest in load management differs depending on the perspective of the actors involved: from customer, utility, or producer to state policymaker. The problem of load demand and load management in residential sector is in this thesis approached from different perspectives, i.e. technical, economic, and environmental. The study does not go deep into detailed analyses of each perspective, but rather aims to establish and analyze the links between them. This trans-disciplinary approach is the key methodological moment used in the research work performed by the research group for load management in buildings at the Lund Institute of Technology. The key objective of this study is to analyze load demand variation and load management possibilities in residential sector, particularly detached and semi-detached houses, to experimentally test and analyze the conditions and potential of direct load management from customer and utility viewpoint. Techno-economic and environmental aspects are investigated. The study was performed in collaboration with one electric utility in Southern Sweden. Ten electric-heated houses were equipped with extra meters, enabling hourly load measurements for heating, hot water and total electricity use. Household heating and hot water systems were controlled by the utility using an existing remote reading and monitoring system. The residents noticed some of the control periods, although they didn’t express any larger discomfort. The experiments proved that direct load management might be a possible solution for the utility to solve their peak demand problems. Another solution, considered by the utility and analyzed in this study is a construction of diesel peak power plant. This alternative has negative environmental consequences compared to load management. The analysis of environmental aspects was extended to national level. To include an environmental perspective is a novel approach, since traditionally, load management evaluation is limited the economic and technical viewpoints. It identifies and discusses the possible environmental benefits of load management and evaluates their significance, primary focusing on CO2 emissions reduction. The results show the importance of considering the influence of site-specific or level-specific conditions on the environmental effects of load management. On the national level, load management measures can hardly provide significant environmental benefits, since hydropower is used as the demand following production source in Sweden. Emission reductions will rather be the result of energy efficiency measures, which will cut the load demand as well as the energy demand.
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35.
  • Abariute, Laura (författare)
  • Engineered nanomaterials in in vivo and in vitro models
  • 2018
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Nanotechnology and engineered nanomaterials (ENM) empower existing technologies. One of the great examples are III-V semiconductor nanowires (NW), which have a broad application range. The occupational safety and hazard organizations draw attention to ENM, as their physical and chemical characteristics differ from the ones of bulk materials. Additionally, the NW high aspect ratio geometry is of great concern, since it resembles the morphology of asbestos. Moreover, due to their small size, ENM materials are hard to detect and identify using conventional methods. During ENM technology development and large-scale production, the highest risk of human exposure is via inhalation. Therefore, we need to study how NW affect lung tissue using experimental exposure models. The work in this thesis aimed at filling the knowledge gap in ENM detection and identification, as well as understanding III-V semiconductor NW effects in in vitro and in vitro models.We have used enhanced darkfield microscopy – hyperspectral imaging method to detect and identify ceria nanoparticles in three differently prepared samples, and compared different combinations of data analysis methods. The remaining part of the thesis was devoted to the study of the III-V semiconductor NW effects on cells and tissue in vitro and in vivo. We have exposed two types of cell cultures (primary human lung (SAE) and human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549)) to gallium phosphide (GaP) NW. We observed that both type of cells are capable to engulf NW after 2 days, and that NW do not have any effect on the SAE and A549 cell morphology after 7 and 5 days, respectively. The NW concentrations used in this work are not toxic to A549 cells, since we did not see a change in cell mobility, viability or changes in ROS levels. After inhibiting specific endocytosis pathways in A549 cells, we showed that NW are actively taken up via phagocytosis and/or macropinocytosis.Additionally, we have performed in vivo mice exposure to GaP NW via intratracheal instillation. We have observed that NW induce an inflammation and allergic reaction of similar levels as the ones observed after exposure to carcinogenic multiwall carbon nanotubes. Additionally, we show that NW are capable to cross tissue barriers and reach distant organs after 28 days, however without introducing changes to the organ tissues. Lastly, we have performed a pilot study, where we investigated the effect of NW photodiodes on A549 cells. We observed that the presence of light inhibits cell proliferation. Furthermore, we show that the chemical make-up of the photodiodes is important, since some photodiodes dissolve in water based cell culturing media and release toxic compounds.
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36.
  • Abaza, Mona, et al. (författare)
  • An Arab Origin Mosque in Singapore
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Hadhrami Arabs Across the Indian Ocean, Contributions to Southeast Asian Economy and Society. - 9789810846954 ; , s. 55-64
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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