3571. |
|
|
3572. |
- Öhrwall, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
-
The electronic structure of free water clusters probed by Auger electron spectroscopy
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 123, s. 054310-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- (H2O)(N) clusters generated in a supersonic expansion source with N similar to 1000 were core ionized by synchrotron radiation, giving rise to core-level photoelectron and Auger electron spectra (AES), free from charging effects. The AES is interpreted as being intermediate between the molecular and solid water spectra showing broadened bands as well as a significant shoulder at high kinetic energy. Qualitative considerations as well as ab initio calculations explain this shoulder to be due to delocalized final states in which the two valence holes are mostly located at different water molecules. The ab initio calculations show that valence hole configurations with both valence holes at the core-ionized water molecule are admixed to these final states and give rise to their intensity in the AES. Density-functional investigations of model systems for the doubly ionized final states-the water dimer and a 20-molecule water cluster-were performed to analyze the localization of the two valence holes in the electronic ground states. Whereas these holes are preferentially located at the same water molecule in the dimer, they are delocalized in the cluster showing a preference of the holes for surface molecules. The calculated double-ionization potential of the cluster (22.1 eV) is in reasonable agreement with the low-energy limit of the delocalized hole shoulder in the AES.
|
|
3573. |
- Önning, Gunilla
(författare)
-
Cereal beta-glucans: use in foods to improve functionality and health.
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Food Science and Technology (London). - 1475-3324. ; 19:2, s. 20-22
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU beta-glucan project is discussed together with the important diet related health issues, coronary heart disease and diabetes. Aspects considered include: effects of life-style and diet on the development of disease; the ability of cereal beta-glucans to lower plasma lipid levels and improve glucose tolerence; characteristics of beta-glucans; beta-glucans preparation and characterization; design of new food prototypes and consumer acceptance studies; and the physiological effects of beta-glucan preparations and enriched food prototypes in animal models and humans.
|
|
3574. |
- Örbaek, Palle, et al.
(författare)
-
Impact of trait anxiety and social conformity on responses to experimental chemical challenge
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7077 .- 1382-6689. ; 19:3, s. 659-664
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study examined the impact of trait anxiety and social conformity on ratings and test performance during controlled solvent challenge. Healthy women (n = 20) and men (n = 18) were exposed to increasing levels of toluene and n-butyl acetate in a challenge chamber, during which they repeatedly rated smell intensity and annoyance, and completed neurobehavioral tests. Trait anxiety was measured by the Psychasthenia scale of the Karolinska, Scales of Personality (KSP), and social conformity by the KSP Social Desirability scale. Among women, high Psychasthenia was related to higher increase in ratings of mucous membrane irritation, fatigue, and annoyance from other aspects of the environment than smell during challenges, and was related to a higher increase in reaction time variability. Among men, Psychasthenia was unrelated to annoyance ratings, and was inversely related to the increase in smell intensity ratings. Social desirability was unrelated to any rating or performance dimension for either gender.
|
|
3575. |
- Östberg, Gustaf
(författare)
-
Contextual perspectives on education in materials science and engineering
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Materials & Design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-3069. ; 26:4, s. 313-319
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From an inside point of view, the concept of a "unified science of materials" might appear to be quite natural in its own right, as it were. However, considering the fact that science in general is practiced by humans in a social environment, it should be warranted to examine materials science also from the humanistic and sociological perspectives, as well as against the background of current thinking, on the development of sciences. By this means it would be possible to establish rational principles for education in materials science and engineering not only for specialists but also for designers and manufacturing engineers. The present review deals with issues of integration of sciences versus specialization, ideas about a comprehensive theory of materials, internal and external driving forces for scientific Studies. engineering practice, professional competence, and educational consequences with an emphasis on understanding.
|
|
3576. |
|
|
3577. |
|
|
3578. |
- Östman, Elin, et al.
(författare)
-
A diet based on wheat bread baked with lactic acid improves glucose tolerance in hyperinsulinaemic Zucker (fa/fa) rats
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cereal Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0733-5210. ; 42:3, s. 300-308
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, the objective was to evaluate the long-term metabolic impact of adding lactic acid to a bread-based diet in obese, hyperinsulinaemic Zucker (fa/fa) rats. All diets were based on a white wheat bread, and the lactic acid was added either prior to, or after the baking process. In addition, a diet with addition of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v was included to investigate the possible impact of probiotic lactic acid bacteria, in the absence of lactic acid. The intervention period was fourteen days and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed before and after the intervention. Glucose, insulin and glucagon were measured during both OGTTs. Other parameters studied were blood lipids (total cholesterol and triglycerides) and liver cholesterol. The intervention period with the wheat bread baked in the presence of lactic acid improved glucose tolerance as judged from a 51% reduction (P = 0.007) in the total glycaemic area. In contrast, there was no such improvement with the diet where lactic acid was added after baking or with addition of probiotic bacteria. No differences were seen between groups in insulin, blood lipids or liver cholesterol following the intervention. It is concluded that bread baked in the presence of lactic acid improves glucose metabolism in obese and hyperinsulinaemic Zucker rats. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
3579. |
- Östman, Elin, et al.
(författare)
-
Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects
- 2005
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5640 .- 0954-3007. ; 59:9, s. 983-988
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To investigate the potential of acetic acid supplementation as a means of lowering the glycaemic index (GI) of a bread meal, and to evaluate the possible dose - response effect on postprandial glycaemia, insulinaemia and satiety. Subjects and setting: In all, 12 healthy volunteers participated and the tests were performed at Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. Intervention: Three levels of vinegar ( 18, 23 and 28 mmol acetic acid) were served with a portion of white wheat bread containing 50 g available carbohydrates as breakfast in randomized order after an overnight fast. Bread served without vinegar was used as a reference meal. Blood samples were taken during 120 min for analysis of glucose and insulin. Satiety was measured with a subjective rating scale. Results: A significant dose - response relation was seen at 30 min for blood glucose and serum insulin responses; the higher the acetic acid level, the lower the metabolic responses. Furthermore, the rating of satiety was directly related to the acetic acid level. Compared with the reference meal, the highest level of vinegar significantly lowered the blood glucose response at 30 and 45 min, the insulin response at 15 and 30 min as well as increased the satiety score at 30, 90 and 120 min postprandially. The low and intermediate levels of vinegar also lowered the 30 min glucose and the 15 min insulin responses significantly compared with the reference meal. When GI and II (insulinaemic indices) were calculated using the 90 min incremental area, a significant lowering was found for the highest amount of acetic acid, although the corresponding values calculated at 120 min did not differ from the reference meal. Conclusion: Supplementation of a meal based on white wheat bread with vinegar reduced postprandial responses of blood glucose and insulin, and increased the subjective rating of satiety. There was an inverse dose - response relation between the level of acetic acid and glucose and insulin responses and a linear dose - response relation between acetic acid and satiety rating. The results indicate an interesting potential of fermented and pickled products containing acetic acid.
|
|
3580. |
- Östman, Margareta, et al.
(författare)
-
Illuminating patients with children up to 18 years of age - A 1-day-inventory study in a psychiatric service
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-4725 .- 0803-9488. ; 59:5, s. 388-392
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reports the possibility of accomplishing a survey in an ordinary psychiatric service organization to identify the children and the adolescents in families with a parent with mental illness and to highlight the number of patients in psychiatric treatment with little or virtually no contact with their minor children. The prevalence of patients being parents to minor children was 36% in the total sample consisting of 137 patients, from both inpatient and outpatient services, participating in the survey. Three of four patients were living together with the children. A higher proportion of patients in the outpatient unit were parents to minor children, and more often lived together with them. There were no differences in prevalence of patients with minor children according to sex or diagnostic subgroup. However, female patients more often and patients with a psychosis diagnosis more seldom had the custody of the children. A majority of the patients had communicated with their children about their own situation, showing that psychiatric patients care a lot about the situation of their children, although, according to the patients, the psychiatric services only take an active part in this information in a minority of the cases. The study may be found to be a basis for inspiring structured interventions and treatments programmes, including the minor children of the adult patients seeking psychiatric treatment. Prevention of mental disorders in the oncoming generation is an important issue for all psychiatric professionals, especially in co-operation between adult and child/adolescent psychiatric services.
|
|