| 92071. |
- Schneiderman, David
(författare)
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International Investment Law and Discipline for the Indebted
- 2022
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Ingår i: European journal of international law. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0938-5428 .- 1464-3596. ; 33:1, s. 65-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The object of the article is to recover the institutional memory of the 1980s debt crisis, when the decolonized world experienced forms of tutelage at the hands of international financial institutions, so as to sketch out material and discursive continuities with investment law’s present. The paper asks whether damage awards in investment arbitration serve functions analogous to state indebtedness in the 1980s. As during the 1980–1989 debt crisis, states are expected to generate the conditions for investor confidence by, among other things, guaranteeing rights to property and to contract. State indebtedness, in both periods, places stress on government budgets and reduces the living standards of poor people, contributing to heightened inequality within and between states. The article begins with a social-theoretical discussion of how debt serves to curb the possibilities for political action. This is followed by a review of IMF borrowing practices in the 1980s and a discussion of the merits of comparison with contemporary investment law. The narrative frames arising during the 1980s debt crisis that continue to have resonance in the era of investment law are taken up in subsequent sections, focusing on the refrains of mismanagement, the missing development angle, shrunken policy space and irrelevance of ability to pay. The method is predominantly qualitative, although reference is made to relevant empirical work. In the course of the discussion, the Tethyan Copper v. Pakistan (2019) ruling is periodically revisited as a specimen of how tribunals arrive at damages assessments in investment arbitration. The upshot is that indebtedness in the contemporary world serves functions similar to that in the 1980s: principally to constrain policy capacity in a wide range of sectors. These binding constraints serve the interests of only a small set of actors, while those rendered most vulnerable by these constraints are relegated to the margins.
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| 92072. |
- Schneiderman, David
(författare)
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Local resistance : at the margins of investment law
- 2022
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Ingår i: Globalizations. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1474-7731 .- 1474-774X. ; 19:6, s. 897-910
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- If states all over the world have signed on to investment treaty obligations, they often have done so without knowledge or interest in resolving tensions existing between local communities and foreign investors. In cases where those relations have turned toxic, proximity can turn out to be a matter of life and death. International investment law, as presently organized, is not disposed to hear the voices of those who experience environmental or economic degradation at the hands of foreign investors who disregard local impacts. The venues in which investment laws are constructed turn out to be uninviting spaces for local communities and their allies. This essay argues that, rather than engaging in international legal arenas where such voices are unwelcome, it may be more worthwhile to work in alliance with local and transnational civil society actors to steer state power to reverse the dangers arising from the overprotection of investors.
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| 92073. |
- Schneiter, E. Matias, et al.
(författare)
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3D MHD simulation of polarized emission in SN 1006
- 2015
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 449:1, s. 88-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations to model the supernova remnant SN 1006. From our numerical results, we have carried out a polarization study, obtaining synthetic maps of the polarized intensity, the Stokes parameter Q, and the polar-referenced angle, which can be compared with observational results. Synthetic maps were computed considering two possible particle acceleration mechanisms: quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular. The comparison of synthetic maps of the Stokes parameter Q maps with observations proves to be a valuable tool to discern unambiguously which mechanism is taking place in the remnant of SN 1006, giving strong support to the quasi-parallel model.
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| 92074. |
- Schneiter, E. Matias, et al.
(författare)
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Photoionization of planetary winds : case study HD 209458b
- 2016
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 457:2, s. 1666-1674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Close-in hot Jupiters are exposed to a tremendous photon flux that ionizes the neutral escaping material from the planet leaving an observable imprint that makes them an interesting laboratory for testing theoretical models. In this work, we present 3D hydrodynamic simulations with radiation transfer calculations of a close-in exoplanet in a blow-off state. We calculate the Ly alpha absorption and compare it with observations of HD 209458b and previous simplified model results. Our results show that the hydrodynamic interaction together with a proper calculation of the photoionization process are able to reproduce the main features of the observed Ly alpha absorption, in particular at the blue-shifted wings of the line. We found that the ionizing stellar flux produce an almost linear effect on the amount of absorption in the wake. Varying the planetary mass-loss rate and the radiation flux, we were able to reproduce the 10 per cent absorption observed at -100 km s(-1).
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| 92075. |
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| 92076. |
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| 92077. |
- Schnerr, R. S., et al.
(författare)
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The brightness of magnetic field concentrations in the quiet Sun
- 2011
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 532, s. A136-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In addition to the facular brightening of active regions, the quiet Sun also contains a small scale magnetic field with associated brightenings in continuum radiation. We measure this contribution of quiet regions to the Sun's brightness from high spatial resolution (0 ''.16-0 ''.32) observations of the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST) and Hinode satellite. The line-of-sight magnetic field and continuum intensity near Fe I 6302.5 angstrom are used to quantify the correlation between field strength and brightness. The data show that magnetic flux density contains a significant amount of intrinsically weak fields that contribute little to brightness. We show that with data of high spatial resolution a calibration of magnetic flux density as a proxy for brightness excess is possible. In the SST data, the magnetic brightening of a quiet region with an average (unsigned) flux density of 10 G is about 0.15%. In the Hinode data, and in SST data reduced to Hinode resolution, the measured brightening is some 40% lower. With appropriate correction for resolution, magnetic flux density can be used as a reliable proxy in regions of small scale mixed polarity. The measured brightness effect is larger than the variation of irradiance over a solar cycle. It is not clear, however, if this quiet Sun contribution actually varies significantly.
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| 92078. |
- Schnerr, Rolad, et al.
(författare)
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Stokes imaging polarimetry using image restoration: a calibration strategy for Fabry-Pérot based instruments
- 2011
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 534, s. A45-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. The combination of image restoration and a Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI) based instrument in solar observations results in specific calibration issues. FPIs generally show variations over the field-of-view, while in the image restoration process, the 1-to-1 relation between pixel space and image space is lost, thus complicating any correcting for such variations. Aims: We develop a data reduction method that takes these issues into account and minimizes the resulting errors. Methods: By accounting for the time variations in the telescope's Mueller matrix and using separate calibration data optimized for the wavefront sensing in the MOMFBD image restoration process and for the final deconvolution of the data, we have removed most of the calibration artifacts from the resulting data. Results: Using this method to reduce full Stokes data from CRISP at the SST, we find that it drastically reduces the instrumental and image restoration artifacts resulting from cavity errors, reflectivity variations, and the polarization dependence of flatfields. The results allow for useful scientific interpretation. Inversions of restored data from the δ sunspot AR11029 using the Nicole inversion code, reveal strong (~10 km s-1) downflows near the disk center side of the umbra. Conclusions: The use of image restoration in combination with an FPI-based instrument leads to complications in the calibrations and intrinsic limitations to the accuracy that can be achieved. We find that for CRISP, the resulting errors can be kept mostly below the polarimetric accuracy of ~10-3. Similar instruments aiming for higher polarimetric and high spectroscopic accuracy, will, however, need to take these problems into account.
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| 92079. |
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| 92080. |
- Schnerr, Roald
(författare)
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The Total Solar Irradiance and Small Scale Magnetic Fields
- 2011
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Ingår i: Solar Polarization Workshop 6. - San Francisco : Astronomical Society of the Pacific. - 9781583817544 ; , s. 167-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- “What is the contribution of the weak small scale fields in the quiet Sun to the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI)?.” This is the question we try to answer by investigating the relation between magnetic fields and continuum intensity in SST and Hinode quiet Sun observations. We find that the increase in brightness of the quiet Sun due to weak (B < 30 G) fields could be as large as 0.3%, which would make it a major contributor to TSI variations. We also find that most of the magnetic flux appears to be resolved at the 0.16″ resolution of the SST data.
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