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| 52. |
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| 53. |
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| 54. |
- Zapata, Patrik, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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When visions for better urban futures development are turned into practice. The case of the Acahualinca Development Programme in Managua, Nicaragua
- 2013
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Ingår i: 14th N-AERUS Conference 2013, Enschede, The Netherlands September 12-14 URBAN FUTURES. Multiple visions, paths and constructions?.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ‘knowing-doing’ gaps between policy goals and their outcome when implemented is of increasing concern both in practice and in research. This paper explores how the visions of a sustainable development and the corresponding planning are translated into practice; what aspects of visions and plans are translated, what is lost in and what is added in the translation. The paper is based on the case-study of La Chureca, the rubbish dump and slum of Managua, Nicaragua, and its regeneration program that ran from 2009 to 2013 and included the construction of a new landfill, a recycling station where part of the waste-pickers now are formally employed, and new housing for the informal settlement’s residents. The analysis is based on interviews, observations, workshop participations and document analysis; gathered from 2009 until 2012. It combines action net theory with the sociology of translation as theoretical framework. Despite the initial compliance to the program (funded and initially led by international aid organizations), local actors enacted a myriad of small acts of defiance and resistance that, without abruptly contesting the project, shaped it to better fit local needs; a) first by municipal politicians and officers, and b) later by beneficiaries that felt that they were not fairly benefited by the program (women, eldery). We conclude that the implementation of visions cannot be seen as scripted translations of plans into reality, but as uncontrollable and uncertain processes in which myriads of translations twist policies and plans from below. The question is therefore not whether plans work (or succeed) but how they work.
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| 55. |
- Somarriba, O., et al.
(författare)
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Robust STDMA scheduling in Multi-hop Wireless Networks for single-node position perturbations
- 2009
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Ingår i: 2009 IEEE 20th Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Symposium, PIMRC 2009. ; , s. 566-571
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major design issue in Multi-hop Wireless Networks is the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols that determine how nodes share the channel to transmit their packets. One type of MAC protocol with efficient spatial reuse characteristics are the Spatial TDMA (STDMA) protocols. STDMA protocols are a class of conflict-free MAC protocols that enable high spectral utilization by scheduling transmissions on the channel. Its main features are high throughput and the possibility of providing delay guarantees. We studied the sensibility of STDMA networks to disruption caused by slow mobility of one "critical" node (single-user perturbation), that causes problems to the schedule maintenance. We assessed a framework that produces robust STDMA scheduling against these topological changes. To do that, we introduced and analyzed heuristic algorithms that mainly exploit capabilities of the physical layer such as power and rate control, and rerouting. We considered the limited-mobility management in STDMA networks to find the ranges where our heuristics will avoid re-scheduling of the whole STDMA frame. We found that a substantial throughput degradation due to slow mobility in STDMA networks can be compensated by means of power or rate control, and rerouting. Our results showed that rate-controlled (RC) STDMA is the most promising scheme to maintain communication under slow mobility.
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| 56. |
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| 57. |
- Benavente, Martha, et al.
(författare)
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Biosorption of Heavy Metals on Chitosan
- 2007
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Ingår i: Hydro Copper 2007. - Santiago, Chile : GECAMIN Ltda.. - 9789568504076 ; , s. 283-290
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 58. |
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| 59. |
- Somarriba Jarquín, Oscar
(författare)
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On Constrained Power Control for Spatial TDMA in Multi-hop Ad Hoc Radio Networks
- 2002
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A very attractive alternative for communications in areas in which there is little or no telecommunications infrastructure is to use Multi-hop packet radio networks (MPRNet:s). One major design issue in MPRNet:s is the formulation of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols. Spatial TDMA (S-TDMA) is a `conflict-free' multiple access for MPRNet:s, which ensures that a packet transmission, whenever made, is successful . Since the transmitter power is at a premium in wireless systems, it is important to utilize it in an efficient way. High S-TDMA system capacities can be achieved by incorporating traffic load information into the MAC protocol design. However, the impact of power control in traffic-sensitive Spatial TDMA schemes control has not received enough attention in the literature. A suitable power control scheme has been chosen and applied to S-TDMA. The resulting delay performance, as determined via network simulations, is presented in this paper. As would be expected the introduction of power control markedly improved the delay performance of Traffic Sensitive S-TDMA.
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| 60. |
- Zapata, Patrik, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Urban policy mobilities and local translations of compliance and contestation within development-aid regeneration programs. The case of the Acahualinca Integrated Development Programme in Managua, Nicaragua.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the International RC21 Conference 2013 Session: Making up cities: urban policy mobilities, assemblages and urban politics in a global age. 29-31 August 2013..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study is based on the case of La Chureca, the rubbish dump and slum of Managua, Nicaragua, and its regeneration programme, the Barrio Acahualinca Integrated Development Programme, funded by a development aid agency and implemented by the Managua municipality. The programme includes since 2009 until 2013, the construction of new housing for the slum dwellers, the construction of a new sanitary landfill and a recycling station where most of the waste pickers will work formally employed by the municipality. In previous papers we have examined the formulation and implementation of the Programme in terms of the construction of an action net in which, by a chain of translations, the programme was transformed from an aid programme managed by international aid organisations into the urban policies carried out by the City of Managua. Despite the initial compliance with the programme; little by little, local actors (mostly community leaders, residents, trade unions and waste collectors) enacted a myriad of small acts of defiance and resistance, changes and transformations (translations) of the programme implementation. In the paper we unfold how waste collectors trade union, slum community leaders, community grass-root associations and local residents under the pressure of securing both jobs and houses (either in symbiosis with local mass media, by using physical force, political negotiations, circumvention) attempted to twist the programme to fit local needs of those groups that felt that were not fairly benefit by the Program, such as older workers, women or non-residents in La Chureca. The paper finally discusses its theoretical contribution to the notion of urban policy mobilities from the city management literature.
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