| 21. |
- Al-Maliki, Laheab A., et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions about water pollution among university students : A case study from Iraq
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cogent Engineering. - UK : Taylor & Francis. - 2331-1916. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study intends to evaluate university students’ awareness regarding water pollution in Iraq to show the environmental education contribution in reducing water pollution. The study was conducted in Wasit university, Wasit province, Iraq by field questionnaire survey with 388 students from the civil engineering department and engineering college. The questionnaires were divided according to the pollution causes into industrial, agricultural and sewage water pollutants. The data were analyzed utilizing the thematic analysis to assess environmental knowledge and awareness of water pollution risks. The results show that most students have high interest in environmental conservation, yet, a lack of education in general environmental education, as the educational curriculum focuses on theoretical aspects more than the practical ones. The results also show that the media role is inactive concerning environmental awareness of water pollution. This study provides a scientific view of policymakers for potential future conditions to find solutions that achieve sustainability goals.
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| 22. |
- Al Manmi, Diary Ali Mohammed Amin, et al.
(författare)
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Soil and Groundwater Pollution Assessment and Delineation of Intensity Risk Map in Sulaymaniyah City, NE of Iraq
- 2019
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 11:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Groundwater and soil pollution caused by (PAHs) spills, mostly from the oil industry and petrol stations in urban areas, represent a major environmental concern worldwide. However, infiltration into groundwater is decreasing due to the natural attenuation processes of PAHs in the vadose zone, which protect invaluable groundwater resources against contamination. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of improper management of the petroleum industry on the groundwater and soil surrounding the petrol station and an oil refinery unit and, furthermore, to prepare the polluted risk intensity (PRI) map. Fifty-one soil samples and twenty-five water samples were analyzed for Light Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPLs), and one soil sample for Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPLs); furthermore, six soil samples analyzed for Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) analysis. The results showed that seventeen wells were polluted with LNAPLs and the soils were highly contaminated with different DNAPLs components and mainly was in the form of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Seven factors introduced to the GIS platform to produce PRI map, which is the distance to source, depth to water table, slope, lineaments, lithology, soil, and recharge rate. The final map revealed that the eastern and western parts of the study area are at a very high-risk level, whereas the center is at a very low to low-risk level.
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| 23. |
- Al-Rawabdeh, Abdulla M., et al.
(författare)
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A GIS-based drastic model for assessing aquifer vulnerability in Amman-Zerqa groundwater basin, Jordan
- 2013
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; :5, s. 490-504
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amman-Zerqa Basin (AZB) is a major basin in Jordan. The concentration of economic, agricultural and social activities within the basin makes it of prime importance to Jordan. Intensive agricultural practices are widespread and located close to groundwater wells, which pose imminent threats to these resources. Groundwater contamination is of particular concern as groundwater resources are the principal source of water for irrigation, drinking and industrial activities. A DRASTIC model integrated with, and GIS tool has been used to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability of AZB. The Drastic index map showed that only 1.2% of the basin’s total area of 3792 km2 lies in the no vulnerable zone and about 69% is classified as having low pollution potential. The results also revealed that about 30% of the catchment area is moderately susceptible to pollution potential and slightly 1% is potentially under high pollution risk. These results suggest that almost one third of the AZB is at moderate risk of pollution potential. These areas are mainly in the north-east and central parts of the basin where the physical factors like gentle slope and high water table well support the chances of getting shallow aquifer water polluted. Areas with high vulnerable pollution are mainly the central of Amman old city.
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| 24. |
- Al-Samarrai, Shatha Y., et al.
(författare)
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Minimizing the Fluoride Load in Water Using the Electrocoagulation Method: An Experimental Approach
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environments. - : MDPI. - 2076-3298. ; 9:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The abundant presence of fluoride (F-) in surface water bodies is an environmental concern because of its effects on human health; medical reports confirmed that fluoride intake above 1.5 mg/L leads to many health complications, including but not limited to weak bones and enamel fluorosis. Thus, the World Health Organisation (WHO) defines 1.20 mg/L as the maximum permissible F concentration in drinking water. The electrocoagulation method (EC) is globally practised to remove many pollutants from water due to its cost-effectiveness, safety, and ease of use. However, EC has some drawbacks, such as the lack of reactors’ design. In this study, a new EC reactor, which uses four drilled aluminium electrodes and a variant cross-section section container, was designed and used to remove F- from water. The design of the new EC eliminated the need for water mixers. The ability of the new EC unit to remove F- from synthetic water was evaluated at different current densities (CD) (1-3 mA/cm2), electrode distances (ELD) (5-15 mm), pH of the solution (pHoS) (4-10), and initial F- concentrations (IFC) (5-20 mg/L). The outcomes of this study prove that the new reactor could remove as much as 98.3% of 20 mg/l of F- at CD, ELD, pHoS, and IFC of 2 mA/cm2, 5 mm, and 4 and 10 mg/L, respectively.
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| 25. |
- Al-Zubaydi, Jaffar, et al.
(författare)
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Engineering and Tectonic Study of Rocks Discontinuities in the Proposed Abo-Hederya Quarry Site, Missan SE Iraq
- 2016
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:8, s. 525-534
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A detailed field survey of discontinuity (fractures) was carried out in the proposed Abo-Hederya Quarry Site, 70 km east Missan city, south-east of Iraq, where Al-Mukdadiya Formation (Upper Miocene-Pliocene) is exposed. The discontinuity survey was carried out in 10 stations covering the study area. At each station notes were collected about beds (lithology, thickness and orientation) and discontinuities (orientation, density, spacing, persistence and aperture). The slope stability analysis suggests that there is no real hazard area that could affect the quarry in future. Tectonic analysis demonstrates that tension fractures are common in the study area, while shear fractures (okl, hko, hol and hkl) are the less. The maximum principal stress direction in the study area is N (15 - 40) E, which is compatible with the regional tectonic stress in the area.
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| 26. |
- Al-Zuheri, Atiya, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of the chemical Structure of the Iraqi Oil Shale and its hydrocarbon Forms
- 2018
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 10:1, s. 7-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global impact of shale oil has revolutionized the world’s energy markets, resulting in significantly lower oil prices, higher global gross domestic product, changing geopolitics and shifted business models for oil and gas companies. Further and developed research initiative is required to fill critical gaps in knowledge at the interface of shale oil development along with environmental protection, so countries can prepare better for its energy future. This paper explores the characterization of Iraqi originated oil shale using various analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrography (GC/MS). Based upon analytical results, it is found that the majority of chemical structure is in aliphatic hydrocarbon forms.
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| 27. |
- Ali, Asma Mahdi, et al.
(författare)
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Nonlinear Simulation Analysis of Mechanical Behaviour of Rubberized Concrete
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of GEOMATE. - : GEOMATE International Society. - 2186-2982 .- 2186-2990. ; 22:90, s. 125-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective is to simulate the representation of rubber concrete with different percentages (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%) of rubber using a finite element approach with ANSYS V.15 software to evaluate the behavior of concrete under the influence of mechanical force by using a standard cylinder to calculate its compressive strength, elasticity modulus and displacements for comparison with the previous experimental study, which showed a very close agreement of 5 to 12% when compared between them. The results showed that when the percentage of rubber increases, it leads to a decrease in the compressive strength, that is, its resistance, and an increase in the corresponding displacements and deformations that occur in them, as a result of the concentration of these stresses in the rubber limits. The results also showed that the meshing distribution of the analyzed elements by the ANSYS gave higher values of compressive strength and a decrease in the corresponding displacements when they were regular i.e. homogeneous compared to the irregular ones. Finally, through statistical analysis, it was found that the mean and arithmetic mean were acceptable and close when comparing the theoretical and practical results.
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| 28. |
- Alsaffar, Abdul Kareem K., et al.
(författare)
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Development of eco-friendly wall insulation layer utilising the wastes of the packing industry
- 2023
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Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 9:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Efficient thermal insulation materials considerably lower power consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, which in turn minimises CO2 emissions and improves indoor comfort conditions. However, the selection of suitable insulation materials is governed by several factors, such as the environmental impact, health impact, cost and durability. Additionally, the disposal of used insulation materials is a major factor that affects the selection of materials because some materials could be very toxic for humans and the environment, such as asbestos-containing materials. Therefore, there is a continuous research effort, in both industry and academia, to develop sustainable and affordable insulation materials. In this context, this work aims at utilising the packing industry wastes (cardboard) to develop an eco-friendly insulation layer, which is a biodegradable material that can be disposed of safely after use. Experimentally, wasted cardboard was collected, cleaned, and soaked in water for 24 h. Then, the wet cardboard was minced and converted into past papers, then cast in square moulds and left in a ventilated oven at 75 °C to dry before de-moulding them. The produced layers were subjected to a wide range of tests, including thermal conductivity, acoustic insulation, infrared imaging and bending resistance. The obtained results showed the developed material has a good thermal and acoustic insulation performance. Thermally, the developed material had the lowest thermal conductivity (λ) (0.039 W/m.K) compared to the studied traditional materials. Additionally, it successfully decreased the noise level from 80 to about 58 dB, which was better than the efficiency of the commercial polyisocyanurate layer. However, the bending strength of the developed material was a major drawback because the material did not resist more than 0.6 MPa compared to 2.0 MPa for the commercial polyisocyanurate and 70.0 MPa for the wood boards. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate the possibility of strengthening the new material by adding fibres or cementitious materials.
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| 29. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Application ArcGIS on Modified-WQI Method to Evaluate Water Quality of the Euphrates River, Iraq, Using Physicochemical Parameters
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Sixth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology. - Singapore : Springer. ; , s. 657-675
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global interest of the water bodies due to the water scarcity crisis encourages researchers to study the details water environment in different aspects. Consequently, this study objective to evaluate the water quality in the Euphrates River through adopted 11 physicochemical parameters measured at 16 locations during the 3 years (2009–2011) for both seasons (dry and wet). In this study, the water quality index model (WQIM) was calculated after modifying the weighted arithmetic method to define as MWQI. The chosen parameters were comprised of Cl, SO4, HCO3, NO3, Na, K, Ca, Mg, TH, TDS, and EC. For the river section of locations (L.1–L.10), all readings of the selected parameters (expected HCO3) were increased more and more. Then, all concentrations of parameters were recorded the high increasing after location (L.10) at locations (L.11–L.14). The concentrations situation of HCO3 were verse vice at all locations. For the average values of 3 years (wet, dry, total), the MWQI of section length of the Euphrates River at locations (L.1–L.10) were classified as good water quality (class, C-II). The river section at locations (L.11–L.16, excepted L.13) was classified as poor water quality (class, C-III), while the location (L.13) was classified as very poor (class, C-IV). The interpolation prediction maps of the average readings (total, dry, and wet) of the Euphrates River were output in GIS using the interpolation model of IDWM.
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| 30. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Water quality assessment along Tigris River (Iraq) using water quality index (WQI) and GIS software
- 2020
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Ingår i: Arabian Journal of Geosciences. - Switzerland : Springer. - 1866-7511 .- 1866-7538. ; 13:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most of the third world countries having rivers passing through them suffer from the water contaminant problem. This problem is considered so difficult to get the water quality within the standard allowable limits for drinking, as well as for industrial and agricultural purposes. This research aims to assess the water quality of the Tigris River using the water quality index method and GIS software. Twelve parameters (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, TH, TDS, BOD5, NO3, and EC) were taken from 14 stations along the river. The weighted arithmetic method was applied to compute the water quality index (WQI). The interpolation method (IDW) was applied in ArcGIS 10.5 to produce the prediction maps for 12 parameters at 11 stations along the Tigris River during the wet and dry seasons in 2016. The regression prediction was applied on three stations in the Tigris River between observed values and predicted values, from the prediction maps, in both seasons. The results showed that the regression prediction for all parameters was given the acceptable values of the determination coefficient (R2). Furthermore, the state of water quality for the Tigris River was degraded downstream of the Tigris River, especially at the station (8) in Aziziyah in the wet and dry seasons and increase degradation clearly at Qurnah (Basrah province) in the south of Iraq. This paper considers the whole length of the Tigris River for the study. This is important to give comprehensive knowledge about the contamination reality of the river. Such that it becomes easier to understand the problem of contamination, analyze it, and then find the suitable treatments and solutions.
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