| 431. |
- Hammarstedt, Mats, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Diskriminering genomsyrar inte hela samhället
- 2018
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In: Dagens Samhälle. - 1652-6511. ; :2018-04-27
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- En debatt som tar sin utgångspunkt i att diskriminering genomsyrar i stort sett varje samhällsområde riskerar snarast att stå i vägen för en konstruktiv diskussion om diskrimineringens orsaker och verkningsfulla metoder att motverka den, skriver två professorer i nationalekonomi.
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| 432. |
- Hammarstedt, Mats, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Labour Market Discrimination : Ethnicity and Race
- 2023
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In: Elgar Encyclopedia of Labour Studies. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781800377530 - 9781800377547 ; , s. 115-117
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To what extent are differences in employment and earnings of persons with different ethnic background or race than the majority population due to discrimination? Differences between ethnic groups are often related to integration of first or second generation immigrants with differences in education, skills and social networks in focus. Correspondence studies have documented the prevalence of ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring. Studies of policies to mitigate discrimination by excluding information about applicants’ race or ethnicity show these may have unintended consequences.
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| 433. |
- Hammarstedt, Mats, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Sexual prejudice and labor market outcomes of gays and lesbians : Evidence from Sweden
- 2015
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In: Feminist Economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1354-5701 .- 1466-4372. ; 21:1, s. 90-109
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents results from a study of sexual prejudice and differentials in labor market outcomes due to sexual orientation. It uses data from a nationwide Swedish survey on public attitudes toward homosexuals, conducted in 1999, and combines them with register data for 2007, which include information about sexual orientation, employment status, and yearly earnings for the total population in Sweden. It finds that prejudice against homosexuals negatively affects the relative employment and relative earnings of gay men. Lesbians are affected negatively by prejudice against homosexuals in terms of employment, but the relationship is less clear in regard to earnings. Discrimination against homosexuals, as well as social norms, occupational sorting and self-selection in, geographic mobility are presented as explanations for the results.
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| 434. |
- Hani Al-Tamimi, Ahmed, et al.
(author)
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Urban uses change an analytical study using geographic information systems/Kufa city as a model
- 2022
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In: Cogent Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2331-1916. ; 9:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Change is considered a prominent feature of urban areas because of the various services and functions in cities, with complex functional relations. The study aims to build an informational foundation for urban planners and designers on the effects resulting from the imbalance in the organization and proportions of urban land uses, which in turn affects the performance of its functions in the city and its changes, and thus the necessity of using modern technologies to identify and define urban problems in cities, especially those related to land uses. An analytical approach to the research was taken, adopting geographic information systems as a tool for research by studying the reality of the region and determining the changes occurring from the functional side for the periods of 2,003,200,820,132,018. These periods witnessed substantial development and changes at the city and country levels. Through the results of the study, the changes were identified, remedies suggested, positive aspects were strengthened, and negative phenomena were reduced. The conclusions reached by the study indicate that planning for the use of the land is a very important practical aspect of achieving the needs of the population and limiting the noncultural aspects of expansion. Deliberate and planned change can generate positive results and vice versa.
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| 435. |
- Hassan, Rebwar, 1959-
(author)
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Sediment Characteristics and Sedimentation Rate Estimation in the Dukan Reservoir
- 2021
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The Dukan Reservoir has been created from the construction of the Dukan Dam on the Lesser Zab River where it crosses the Khalakan Thrust Sheet (Khalakan Mountains) through a gorge 65 km northwest of Sulaimani and 295 km northeast of Baghdad. The Dukan Dam is a multi-purpose dam which was built from 1954 to 1959 to control the flooding of the Lesser Zab River, and to provide irrigation, hydroelectricity, and water storage. Reservoir sedimentation can significantly reduce reservoir storage capacity as dams become older. The Dukan Reservoir has been selected for this study to determine the nature and characteristics of the deposited sediment particles in the reservoir, as well as the estimation of the rate of sedimentation from 1959 to 2014 by using the bathymetric survey and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model methods.Geologically, the Dukan Reservoir is located in the High Zagros Fold-Thrust Zone (High Folded Zone) of the northwestern segment of the Kurdistan Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. This reservoir is a natural and structurally controlled depression located in the Btwen (Ranya) Agricultural Plain extending between the Ranya Thrust Sheet (Kewa-Rash Mountains) and the dam body itself. A geological survey was conducted for the study area and it has been concluded that the structural controls were more effective by dividing the Dukan Reservoir into two sub-reservoirs: a bigger triangle-shaped sub-reservoir in the north and a smaller irregularly shaped sub-reservoir in the south. The differences that exist in shapes, lengths, widths, surface areas, and shorelines between the two subreservoirs are also closely related to the structural and stratigraphical controls. The field observations and bathymetric survey indicate that bank sediment erosion is occurring in the two sub-reservoirs, but most of the sediment particles deposition takes place within the bigger sub-reservoir. Grain analyses of the 32 bed sediment samples show that the reservoir bed sediment consists of 15% gravel, 14% sand, 48% silt, and 23% clay. The sediments are composed of silty clay (77.6%), silty sandy clay (10%), sandy gravelly silty clay (1.2%) and gravelly sandy silty clay (1%). The reservoir bed is covered mainly with silt. Both silt and clay percentages increase towards the dam in the smaller sub-reservoir. This is attributable to the decreased water velocity in the reservoir, leading to the deposition of the suspended materials. The sediments are very finegrained, very poorly sorted, strongly coarse skewed, and mesokurtic. The depositedsediment along the Dukan Reservoir can be classified into topset bed (coarse particles) and bottomset bed (fine materials). The slope of the western bank of the reservoir is steeper than the eastern and northern banks. Land slope is the most effective factor in erosion and sediment transport. From the bathymetric survey, it has been also concluded that the minimum elevation which reaches 430 m.a.s.l. is located at the southern part of the bigger sub- reservoir. Based on different bulk densities of the deposited sediment at different water elevations, i.e., 1855 kg/m3 at 470 m.a.s.l., 1855 kg/m3 at 480 m.a.s.l., and 1200 kg/m3 at 480 m.a.s.l., the annual sedimentation rates in the reservoir are estimated to be about 3.8 MCM, 7 MCM, and 6.6 MCM, respectively. This estimation has been supported by the SWAT model method, which shows that the annual sediment load delivered to the Dukan Reservoir from the watershed is estimated to be about 1.3 MCM, representingabout 34% of the total sediments deposited in the reservoir.The reduction in storage capacity of the bigger sub-reservoir from 1952 to 2014 at water elevations 440 m.a.s.l., 460 m.a.s.l, and 480 m.a.s.l. are 72%, 48%, and 24%, respectively. The volume of the deposited sediment is estimated to be around 274 MCM. The percentage of the smaller sub-reservoir area as a percentage of the whole reservoir area varied in 1952 from 4% at water level 520 m.a.s.l. to 100% at 420 m.a.s.l. The author predicts that the estimated annual deposition rate of 6.6 MCM and the projected useful lifespan might extend for another 155 years until 2169, when the sediment will fully occupy the live storages.
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| 436. |
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| 437. |
- Hay, S. I., et al.
(author)
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Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- 2017
-
In: The Lancet. - : Lancet Publishing Group. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 390:10100, s. 1260-1344
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs ofset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the fve lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs ofset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention eforts, and development assistance for health, including fnancial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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| 438. |
- Heddam, Salim, et al.
(author)
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Hybrid river stage forecasting based on machine learning with empirical mode decomposition
- 2024
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In: Applied water science. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-5487 .- 2190-5495. ; 14:3
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The river stage is certainly an important indicator of how the water level fluctuates overtime. Continuous control of the water stage can help build an early warning indicator of floods along rivers and streams. Hence, forecasting river stages up to several days in advance is very important and constitutes a challenging task. Over the past few decades, the use of machine learning paradigm to investigate complex hydrological systems has gained significant importance, and forecasting river stage is one of the promising areas of investigations. Traditional in situ measurements, which are sometime restricted by the existing of several handicaps especially in terms of regular access to any points alongside the streams and rivers, can be overpassed by the use of modeling approaches. For more accurate forecasting of river stages, we suggest a new modeling framework based on machine learning. A hybrid forecasting approach was developed by combining machine learning techniques, namely random forest regression (RFR), bootstrap aggregating (Bagging), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and artificial neural network (ANN), with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to provide a robust forecasting model. The singles models were first applied using only the river stage data without preprocessing, and in the following step, the data were decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions (IMF), which were then used as new input variables. According to the obtained results, the proposed models showed improved results compared to the standard RFR without EMD for which, the error performances metrics were drastically reduced, and the correlation index was increased remarkably and great changes in models’ performances have taken place. The RFR_EMD, Bagging_EMD, and AdaBoost_EMD were less accurate than the ANN_EMD model, which had higher R≈0.974, NSE≈0.949, RMSE≈0.330 and MAE≈0.175 values. While the RFR_EMD and the Bagging_EMD were relatively equal and exhibited the same accuracies higher than the AdaBoost_EMD, the superiority of the ANN_EMD was obvious. The proposed model shows the potential for combining signal decomposition with machine learning, which can serve as a basis for new insights into river stage forecasting.
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| 439. |
- Hedström, Axel, 1989-
(author)
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Empirical Studies on Economic and Financial Spillovers : Asymmetric Risk and Dependence Modeling
- 2023
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Financial assets are volatile, and volatility becomes more intense in terms of size and rate of recurrence when markets are uncertain and growing rapidly. The fact that the recurrence rate increased during crisis periods, such as the IT bubble in the early 2000 and the global financial crisis that started in 2007, is a key finding in the literature. Estimating these results requires modeling a time series that can consider volatility clustering. However, the prominent model in finance and economics estimates that the average volatility increases when uncertainty increases. This modeling process needs to consider the asymmetry that financial assets and economic outcomes, such as gross domestic product (GDP) exhibit, which tend to fall drastically in a short period and increase steadily over a long period. To model these different behaviors, one must consider the asymmetric nature of the return, for example, when a stock has extremely low or extremely high returns in a day. To model this behavior, I used several methods in settings that could better explain what happens during market periods when there is higher uncertainty. The general finding is that correlations are higher when returns are in the lower quantiles, called the left tails. Thus, financial assets are positively correlated, especially during periods of increased uncertainty. It is not only clustering that one would try to explain, but another issue is the prediction of one asset’s effect on another. The effect of one asset on another asset is called the spillover effect. We tried to distinguish between events that happen during the same time that affect all assets. These events are called systematic risk, and the effects that one asset has on another asset is called systemic risk. Explaining the systemic risk typically has higher priority from a policy perspective, as systemic risk can be a driver for risk transmission from one asset to another, creating a chain of risk or a spiral of risk. Hence, the approaches I used can model that chain of risk and predict risk transmission while controlling for external factors that increase uncertainty. The results of this research show the connection between energy assets and renewable energy stocks in Papers 1 and 2. For instance, we found that there is a possibility of adjusting the European carbon emission cap and that renewable energy stocks positively correlate with energy commodities in the tails. Thus, renewable energy stocks follow a macroeconomic cycle. The findings of Paper 3 show the systemic and systematic nature of cross-country spillovers between emerging and developed financial markets, and that the spillover is time-varying with increasing spillovers in crisis periods. Paper 4 examines the Nordic banking sector. The results show that banks’ spillover to their local markets is due to their systemic importance and the strength of the spillover is related to the bank’s characteristics. In the final Paper, I studied the upside and downside movement asymmetry of stocks and found that betting on upside volatility is better than a portfolio perspective but comes at the cost of increased pricing errors. The empirical findings of this thesis significantly contribute to policymakers and institutional investors in portfolio diversification and risk management.
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| 440. |
- Hemmilä, Venla, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Ammonium Lignosulfonate Adhesives for Particleboards with pMDI and Furfuryl Alcohol as Crosslinkers
- 2019
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In: Polymers. - : MDPI. - 2073-4360. ; 11:10, s. 1-17
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tightening formaldehyde emission limits and the need for more sustainable materials have boosted research towards alternatives to urea-formaldehyde adhesives for wood-based panels. Lignin residues from biorefineries consist of a growing raw material source but lack reactivity. Two crosslinkers were tested for ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS)—bio-based furfuryl alcohol (FOH) and synthetic polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI). The addition of mimosa tannin to ALS before crosslinking was also evaluated. The derived ALS adhesives were used for gluing 2-layered veneer samples and particleboards. Differential Scanning Calorimetry showed a reduction of curing temperature and heat for the samples with crosslinkers. Light microscopy showed that the FOH crosslinked samples had thicker bondlines and higher penetration, which occurred mainly through vessels. Tensile shear strength values of 2-layered veneer samples glued with crosslinked ALS adhesives were at the same level as the melamine reinforced urea-formaldehyde (UmF) reference. For particleboards, the FOH crosslinked samples showed a significant decrease in mechanical properties (internal bond (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR)) and thickness swelling. For pMDI crosslinked samples, these properties increased compared to the UmF. Although the FOH crosslinked ALS samples can be classified as non-added-formaldehyde adhesives, their emissions were higher than what can be expected to be sourced from the particles.
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