| 21. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
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Epigenetic changes induced by exercise
- 2015
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In: Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome. - : United Scientific Group. - 2475-1405 .- 2379-111X. ; 1:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Physical exercise offers an epigenetic propensity that holds benefits with several health domains, particularly for children and adolescents. Yet, it is only recently that that regular exercise has begun to be construed as a positive epigenetic mechanism to modify the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in humans. Epigenetics is emerging a science that examines processes-beyond DNA sequence alteration-producing heritable characteristics with exercise regimes, with or without dietary restrictions, as essential epigenetic interventions. Nevertheless, Exercise and nutrition are synergistic in mitigating disorder states with exercise releasing exosomes that contain miRNAs. Nutrition/vitamins B6 and B12 regulate the metabolism of homocysteine, an epigenetic byproduct of DNA/RNA/protein methylation. This type of development ushers in, amongst other aspects, the fact that DNA methylation induces modification of gene expression without causing any the nucleotide sequence. In the context of health problems associated with obesity, Genotyping on a Romanian sample of 53 subjects (30 obese, 23 normal) showedthat FTO rs9939609 polymorphism has been identified as a common gene variant in the Romanian Caucasian cohort, suggesting a high association with all the parameters of obesity and obesity comorbidities. It was found that an adherence to a Mediterranean diet was beneficial for participants with genetic predisposition for obesity if maintained over a long interval and combined with sustained physical exercise.
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| 22. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
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Epigenetic Influences on Anxious and Depressive Behaviors: BDNF Links
- 2016
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In: JSM Anxiety and Depression. - 2475-9139. ; 1:3
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The identification of genetic biomarkers facilitates the staging of brain disorders, their prognosis, choice of treatments and interventions, prediction of response, and prognosis of outcomes over a wide spectrum of symptoms associated with affective states, possibly optimizing clinical practice treatments and procedures. In this regard, epigenetic mechanisms mediate the effects of the environment on human-animal neurodevelopment of behavioral repertoires and imply also that employing the sensitivity of laboratory animals to environmental cues may be applied usefully for the consideration of long-term health and welfare of individuals.
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| 23. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
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Epigenetics and biomarkers in the staging of neuropsychiatric disorders.
- 2010
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In: Neurotoxicity research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-3524 .- 1029-8428. ; 18:3-4, s. 347-66
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Epigenetics, or alterations in the phenotype or gene expression due to mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence, reflects the sensitivity and responsiveness of human and animal brains in constantly varying circumstances regulating gene expression profiles that define the biomarkers and present the ultimate phenotypical outcomes, such as cognition and emotion. Epigenetics is associated with functionally relevant alterations to the genome in such a fashion that under the particular conditions of early, adolescent, and adult life, environmental signals may activate intracellular pathways that remodel the "epigenome," triggering changes in gene expression and neural function. Thus, genetic influences in neuropsychiatric disorders that are subject to clinical staging, epigenetics in schizophrenia, epigenetic considerations in the expression of sensorimotor gating resulting from disease conditions, biomarkers of drug use and addiction, current notions on the role of dopamine in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and the discrete interactions of biomarkers in persistent memory were to greater or lesser extents reflected upon. The relative contributions of endophenotypes and epistasis for mediating epigenetic phenomena and the outcomes as observed in the analysis of biomarkers appear to offer a multitude of interactive combinations to further complicate the labyrinthine machinations of diagnosis, intervention, and prognosis.
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| 24. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
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Epigenetics in Developmental Disorder: ADHD and Endophenotypes.
- 2011
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In: Journal of genetic syndrome & gene therapy. - 2157-7412. ; 2:104
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with complex interactive operations of genetic and environmental factors, is expressed in a variety of disorder manifestations: severity, co-morbidities of symptoms, and the effects of genes on phenotypes. Neurodevelopmental influences of genomic imprinting have set the stage for the structural-physiological variations that modulate the cognitive, affective, and pathophysiological domains of ADHD. The relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors provide rapidly proliferating insights into the developmental trajectory of the condition, both structurally and functionally. Parent-of-origin effects seem to support the notion that genetic risks for disease process debut often interact with the social environment, i.e., the parental environment in infants and young children. The notion of endophenotypes, markers of an underlying liability to the disorder, may facilitate detection of genetic risks relative to a complex clinical disorder. Simple genetic association has proven insufficient to explain the spectrum of ADHD. At a primary level of analysis, the consideration of epigenetic regulation of brain signalling mechanisms, dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline is examined. Neurotrophic factors that participate in the neurogenesis, survival, and functional maintenance of brain systems, are involved in neuroplasticity alterations underlying brain disorders, and are implicated in the genetic predisposition to ADHD, but not obviously, nor in a simple or straightforward fashion. In the context of intervention, genetic linkage studies of ADHD pharmacological intervention have demonstrated that associations have fitted the "drug response phenotype," rather than the disorder diagnosis. Despite conflicting evidence for the existence, or not, of genetic associations between disorder diagnosis and genes regulating the structure and function of neurotransmitters and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), associations between symptoms-profiles endophenotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms appear reassuring.
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| 25. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
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Epigenetics in neuropsychiatry
- 2011
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In: Omics : Biomedical Perspectives and Applications / edited by Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Blum, Margaret A. Madigan. - : CRC Press. - 9781439850084 ; , s. 511-532
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The notion of epigenetics offers a putative interface between genetic and environmental factors that interact to provide the phenotypic. The impact of the environment on gene expression (epigenetics) and the convergence of genes and environment along common biological pathways induce greater effects than either those of genes or environment in isolation. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, i.e. the survival of epigenetic modifications over generations, provides a process through maternal nurturing behavior may affect the development and health of the offspring. Epigenetic operations regulate depressive disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders as well as interventional strategies. The present account examines epigenetic influences to inherited characteristics subjected to conditions of prenatal or early-life adversity that produce the eventual expressions of these disorders, and such developmental disorders as Prader-Willi syndrome. The essential role of nutrition is central: epigenetic regulation encompasses alterations of genetic material that do not affect the DNA nucleotide sequence, but rather include DNA methylation patterns, chromatin structure, histone codes, and noncoding small RNAs. Influences such as epigenetic interactions on DNA damage response and DNA repair may yet provide insights facilitating diagnosis and understanding of progression and intervention
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| 26. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
-
Exercise alleviates Autism Spectrum Disorder deficits
- 2015
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In: Autism Open Access. - 2165-7890. ; 5:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Amongst other behavioral deficits, children afflicted with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) present an array of motor skill impairments. These deficits include problems the planning and performance of goal-directed behaviors. Aspects of motor planning ability in ASD-diagnosed children (aged 5-13 years) through application of a method consisting of fine and gross motor tasks and postural components through altering sensory input have been studied. It has been observed that ASD children expressed greater variability in hand selection during the “dial-turning task” and a tendency to plan movements that were not in accordance with ‘end-state comfort’. These children displayed a reduced ability to imitate movements correctly, presented lower scores for both the drawing and stickler tasks, and required longer time to ‘bead the bracelet’ than the comparison control group. The notion of end-state comfort refers to planning movements that allow individuals to attain comfort at task completion despite an initial phase of nocomfort/ discomfort. In children presenting normal development, a near completion of end-state performance is reached by 10 years-of-age.
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| 27. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Exercise Alleviates Parkinsonism: Clinical and Laboratory Evidence
- 2010
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In: Acta Neurol Scand.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present review examines the putative benefits for individuals afflicted with Parkinsonism, whether in the clinical setting or in the animal laboratory, accruing from different exercise regimes. The tendency for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) to express either normal or reduced exercise capacity appears regulated by factors such as fatigue, quality-of-life and disorder severity. The associations between physical exercise and risk for PD, the effects of exercise on idiopathic Parkinsonism and quality-of-life, the effects of exercise on animal laboratory models of Parkinsonism and dopamine (DA) loss following neurotoxic insults, and the effects of exercise on the DA precursor, L-Dopa, efficacy are examined. It would appear to be case that in view of the particular responsiveness of the dopaminergic neurons to exercise, the principle of “use it or lose” may be of special applicability among PD patients.
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| 28. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
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Exercise and Dietary Restriction for Promotion of Neurohealth Benefits
- 2015
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In: Health. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1949-4998 .- 1949-5005. ; 7:1, s. 136-152
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Physical exercise, whether of aerobic, endurance or resistance types, plays a central role in estab-lishing and maintaining the integrity of the brain and central nervous system (CNS). When exer-cise is adhered to in conjunction with selective food/drink intake and dietary restriction it pro-motes neurohealth. In this article, we review the interactions of age and gender, as well as insulin and diabetes, with exercise, individuals’ cognitive-affective status and its interactions with exer-cise propensity. All of which modulate the eventual outcomes of the influence of exercise upon parameters of neurohealth. The combination of exercise with dietary restriction provides nu-merous factors pertaining to psychological, neurochemical and anti-pathological manifestations of neurophysiological resilience even through aging. The challenge evoked by the exercise-diet com-bination in the body mobilizes a multitude of adaptive cellular stress-response signaling pathways in neurons involving neurotrophic factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, DNA-repair proteins, macroautophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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| 29. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
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Exercise and nutritional benefits in PD: Rodent models and clinical settings
- 2016
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In: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1866-3370. ; 29, s. 333-351
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Physical exercise offers a highly effective health-endowering activity as has been evidence using rodent models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is a particularly useful intervention in individuals employed in sedentary occupations or afflicted by a neurodegenerative disorder, such as PD. The several links between exercise and quality-of-life, disorder progression and staging, risk factors and symptoms-biomarkers in PD all endower a promise for improved prognosis. Nutrition provides a strong determinant for disorder vulnerability and prognosis with fish oils and vegetables with a mediterranean diet offering both protection and resistance. Three factors determining the effects of exercise on disorder severity of patients may be presented: (i) Exercise effects upon motor impairment, gait, posture and balance, (ii) Exercise reduction of oxidative stress, stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and up-regulation of autophagy, and (iii) Exercise stimulation of dopamine (DA) neurochemistry and trophic factors. Running-wheel performance, as measured by distance run by individual mice from different treatment groups, was related to DA-integrity, indexed by striatal DA levels. Finally, both nutrition and exercise may facilitate positive epigenetic outcomes, such as lowering the dosage of L-Dopa required for a therapeutic effect. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
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| 30. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
-
Exercise as therapy: health and well-being
- 2015
-
In: Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment. - 2292-2598. ; 3:2, s. 76-81
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Physical exercise, in several guises, improves health and delivers a multitude of benefits for the aging brain and body, not least by delaying the aging process, but also by, its “scaffolding effect”, buttressing the physiological processes vulnerable to that level of credibility. The present account is based upon a systematic survey of published studies outlining the benefits of physical exercise an intervention to improve diverse health aspects, with the key-words “Physical exercise and Health” among all biomedical sources. Under conditions of neuropsychiatric and neurologic illhealth, child-adolescent maturation during healthy and illness developmental trajectories, neuroimmune and affective unbalance, and epigenetic pressures, exercise offers a large harvest of augmentations in health and well-being. Both animal models and human studies support the premise of manifest gains from regular exercise within several domains, besides cognitive function and mood, notably as the agency of a noninvasive, readily available therapeutic intervention.
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