| 161. |
- Bengtsson, Lars, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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REMAP massively parallel computer platform for neural computations
- 1997
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Microelectronics for Neural Networks (MicroNeuro’93). ; , s. 47-62
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The REMAP project addresses questions related to the use of massively parallel, distributed computing in embedded systems. Of specific interest is the execution of artificial neural network algorithms on multiple, cooperating processor arrays. This paper concentrates on the recently finished, and currently used, processor array prototype, REMAP-β, of SIMD (Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data streams) type. The architecture and implementation of the computer is described, both its overall structure and its constituent parts. Following this comes a discussion of its use as an architecture laboratory, which stems from the fact that it is implemented using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) circuits. As an architecture laboratory the prototype can be used to implement and evaluate, e.g., various Processing Element (PE) designs. A couple of examples of PE architectures, including one with floating-point support, are given. The mapping of important neural network algorithms on processor arrays of this kind is shown, and possible tuning of the architecture to meet specific processing demands is discussed. Performance figures are given as well as implications for future VLSI implementations of the array.
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| 162. |
- Bengtsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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The REMAP Reconfigurable Architecture : a Retrospective
- 2006
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Ingår i: FPGA Implementations of Neural Networks. - New York : Springer-Verlag New York. - 0387284850 ; , s. 325-360
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The goal of the REMAP project was to gain new knowledge about the design and use of massively parallel computer architectures in embedded real-time systems. In order to support adaptive and learning behavior in such systems, the efficient execution of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms on regular processor arrays was in focus. The REMAP-β parallel computer built in the project was designed with ANN computations as the main target application area. This chapter gives an overview of the computational requirements found in ANN algorithms in general and motivates the use of regular processor arrays for the efficient execution of such algorithms. REMAP-β was implemented using the FPGA circuits that were available around 1990. The architecture, following the SIMD principle (Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data streams), is described, as well as the mapping of some important and representative ANN algorithms. Implemented in FPGA, the system served as an architecture laboratory. Variations of the architecture are discussed, as well as scalability of fully synchronous SIMD architectures. The design principles of a VLSI-implemented successor of REMAP-β are described, and the paper is concluded with a discussion of how the more powerful FPGA circuits of today could be used in a similar architecture. © 2006 Springer.
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| 163. |
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| 164. |
- Bengtsson, Niklas, 1980-
(författare)
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Essays in Development and Labor Economics
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three self-contained essays. Essay I. This essay uses time-series of rainfall to estimate the response of body weight to transitory changes in household income in rural Tanzania. The response is positive on average, but is markedly higher among female children. For female children, a ten-percent increase in household income implies an increase in body weight by about 0.4 kilos. In contrast, the body weight of adolescents and young adults is virtually invariant to transitory income changes. Essay II. In this essay, the impact of a village-level assistance program run by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Tanzania is estimated. We find that the program increased literacy by 15-20 percentage points and educational attainment by 10-15 percentage points, but only among Protestant children. Catholic children living in the same targeted villages were unaffected. The results support the concern that faith organizations might overstate their ability to aid households of different faith. Essay III. This essay exploits a rapid introduction of an unconditional cash grant (child support) in South Africa in order to estimate the marginal propensity to consume and earn out of a permanent change in unearned income. We find that the marginal propensity to earn is about -0.25 to -0.4. A very small fraction of the grant is saved. All in all, the marginal propensities estimated here are all similar to those reported in comparable papers using US data. However, they stand in contrast to some results on conditional cash transfers in other developing countries.
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| 165. |
- Bengtsson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Lifetime versus Annual Tax-and-Transfer Progressivity : Sweden, 1968-2009
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 118:4, s. 619-645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we analyze the evolution of tax-and-transfer progressivity in Sweden over both annual and lifetime horizons. Using a rich micro panel covering the period 1968-2009, we calculate tax rates over a cohort's entire working life cycle. Our main finding is that taxes are considerably less progressive over the lifetime than in any single year. Social insurance transfers to transitory low-income earners account for most of this result. We offer a number of robustness checks of the measurement of lifetime incomes and progressivity, but none of them changes our overall findings.
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| 166. |
- Bengtsson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
-
Lifetime versus Annual Tax Progressivity : Sweden, 1968–2009
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the evolution of tax progressivity in Sweden from both annual and lifetime perspectives. Using a rich micro panel with administrative records of incomes, taxes and benefits over the period 1968–2009, we calculate tax rates across the income distribution accounting for different tax bases as well as the role of transfers. The uniquely long time span also allows us to compute tax progressivity as realized over a cohort’s entire life cycle. Our main finding is that taxes are considerably less progressive over the lifetime than in any single year. In fact, life cycle taxes are close to proportional, bearing a redistributive effect of only a few percent. Intragenerational income mobility seems to be driving this result, although the Swedish economic crisis of the 1990s and the tax reforms of 1971 and 1991 are also important. Labor income taxes contribute less to progressivity in recent years, whereas transfers to unemployed and old-age pensioners have become increasingly important. These findings are robust to the use of different tax rates, tax bases, sample populations, rates of discounting and controls for reranking.
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| 167. |
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| 168. |
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| 169. |
- Carlsson, Mia, 1966-
(författare)
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Arbetsskada : samspelet mellan skadestånd och andra ersättningsordningar
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis addresses the issue of compensation for work-related injuries – the so called occupa-tional damages. Tort law, private insurance law, insurances due to collective bargaining, public insurances covering occupational damages as well as different areas of the social security system are all connected in a vast and complex structure. An important feature of the thesis is to analyse the so called “interdependence” between the different compensation systems. In Part I, the total system – the so called Swedish, or Nordic, model – and its historical development are presented.In Part II of the thesis, it is established what kind of damage situations, which can at all give rise to claims for compensation. Important issues are thereby the requirements of the concept of damage regarding this area of the law (the “work-related injury”). Also the subject matter of causation – “causation-in-fact” and “causation-in-law” – are brought into the analysis. Another factor of crucial importance is the procedural law and its requirements about burden of proof and what is to be counted as proven.If Part II of the thesis has shown the way “into the system”, Part III describes what a person can “get out of the system”. The different forms of compensation are conveyed, with emphasis on income loss.Part IV contains concluding remarks concerning legal aspects on collective agreement regulation of action for damages – the safety insurance – whereby the debate individualism versus collectivism is involved. Moreover, the issue tort law versus insurance law and social welfare law is discussed. The author’s general aim in the thesis is to give stimulus to both critical and constructive discussions concerning the present situation and the development in this field of law.
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| 170. |
- Casar Borota, Olivera, et al.
(författare)
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Corticotroph Aggressive Pituitary Tumors and Carcinomas Frequently Harbor ATRX Mutations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 106:4, s. 1183-1194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Aggressive pituitary tumors (APTs) are characterized by unusually rapid growth and lack of response to standard treatment. About 1% to 2% develop metastases being classified as pituitary carcinomas (PCs). For unknown reasons, the corticotroph tumors are overrepresented among APTs and PCs. Mutations in the alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene, regulating chromatin remodeling and telomere maintenance, have been implicated in the development of several cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors. Objective: To study ATRX protein expression and mutational status of the ATRX gene in APTs and PCs. Design: We investigated ATRX protein expression by using immunohistochemistry in 30 APTs and 18 PCs, mostly of Pit-1 and T-Pit cell lineage. In tumors lacking ATRX immunolabeling, mutational status of the ATRX gene was explored. Results: Nine of the 48 tumors (19%) demonstrated lack of ATRX immunolabelling with a higher proportion in patients with PCs (5/18; 28%) than in those with APTs (4/30;13%). Lack of ATRX was most common in the corticotroph tumors, 7/22 (32%), versus tumors of the Pit-1 lineage, 2/24 (8%). Loss-of-function ATRX mutations were found in all 9 ATRX immunonegative cases: nonsense mutations (n = 4), frameshift deletions (n = 4), and large deletions affecting 22-28 of the 36 exons (n = 3). More than 1 ATRX gene defect was identified in 2 PCs. Conclusion: ATRX mutations occur in a subset of APTs and are more common in corticotroph tumors. The findings provide a rationale for performing ATRX immunohistochemistry to identify patients at risk of developing aggressive and potentially metastatic pituitary tumors.
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