| 51. |
- Bergqvist, Rickard, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Upstream Buyer Consolidation and Downstream Short Sea Shipping in the Asia-Europe Sea Container Supply Chain – An Exploratory Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Association of Maritime Economists Annual Conference, Hamburg, August 23-26, 2016.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Asia-Europe container trade is the most important trade in the world in terms of volumes transported (overtaking the Trans-Pacific trade in 2014). The typical structure of the supply chains associated with this trade is that containers are stuffed in China and the cargo is subsequently cross-docked at a major European logistics hub or closer to the customer, for further shipment to the final retailing point. This may be one of the reasons why short sea container shipping has only a limited market share of intra-European cargo flows, since once cargo is unloaded from containers, it is more likely to be forwarded by land-based modes of transport. Paving the way for a greater proportion of cargo being cross-docked in China rather than Europe, may prove to be more cost-efficient and less environmentally damaging than the typical solution. This paper discusses four main comparative differences between the typical solution and alternative solutions such as buyers’ consolidation and concludes that new alternative solutions are worth investigating further. The potential shift from the typical solution to new alternatives is dependent on the identification of key decision makers in the design of these supply chains and a careful analysis of bottlenecks and impediments that must be overcome to facilitate this shift.
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| 52. |
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| 53. |
- Bouchery, Yann, et al.
(författare)
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Where to open maritime containers?: A decision model at the interface of maritime and urban logistics
- 2021
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Ingår i: World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research. - 1749-4729 .- 1749-4737. ; 10:1, s. 6-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After an era of developing large-scale hinterland access for maritime containers by use of rail and inland waterways, research interest and practice has witnessed a slight shift towards port-centric logistics. The big question is where to open import containers and close and seal the ones for export goods. Is it better done in the port vicinity or should the maritime containers also be used for transport to and from the hinterland? In other words, where is the stuffing and stripping operations best located? Focusing on the import of goods loaded in maritime containers, this article provides a model for assessing the options of locating Distribution Centres (DCs) in the vicinity of the port or in the hinterland, or using a combination of the two. The model is illustrated by a case study of import through the Port of Gothenburg, Sweden, comparing a port-centric DC with a location in Falköping, 130 kms inland. Unless more than 85% of the shipments out of DCs are bound for Gothenburg and its vicinity, the assessment favours stripping the maritime containers in the DC in Falköping.
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| 54. |
- Cullinane, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
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Benchmarking the performance of Swedish Rail Freight Rolling Stock: A Conceptual Approach to Setting Tariffs using Data Envelopment Analysis
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There are many ways to improve the efficiency of a railway system. Many are inherently long-term and involve significant investment. This paper proposes the more immediate, simpler and cheaper approach of incentivising the use of better rolling stock through appropriate infrastructure charging and thereby reducing the number of problems arising and the costs imposed on other rail users, the infrastructure providers and society. It is posited that infrastructure charges should be differentiated to reflect differences in the performance of rolling stock and that this can be achieved purely and simply on the basis of technical and other characteristics. Utilising an existing database, the performance benchmarking of rolling stock is proposed as the basis for formulating and justifying a performance-based tariff structure. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is the preferred method of analysis by which relative measures (in index form) of rolling stock performance can be derived and benchmark performance identified. The paper provides a theoretical conceptualisation of how this might be applied to rail freight rolling stock in order to develop a tariff structure for infrastructure charges which is functionally dependent upon the derived relative benchmark values of performance (quality). The proposed approach has several advantages: no supplementary data collection is required; once the strategic decision is taken as to the level of marginal (social) cost to be recouped, the setting of the tariff becomes deterministic and only needs to be periodically reviewed; following its introduction, the analysis required for reviewing tariffs is relatively straightforward; DEA output provides management with useful information on achieving improved performance; and the potential exists for applying this proposed approach to both passenger rolling stock and within a multinational context. The paper concludes that the proposed approach will greatly simplify the basis upon which infrastructure charges are levied on rail users, while maintaining the possibility of differentiating the tariff structure by specific train path, network link and/or capacity utilisation. It also reinforces the principle of marginal cost pricing. Ultimately, the implementation of this approach will support the objective to increase long-term robustness and reduce disruptions to railways.
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| 55. |
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| 56. |
- Cullinane, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
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Improving the Quality of Sweden’s Rail Freight Rolling Stock: The use of DEA in Benchmarking and Pricing
- 2017
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Ingår i: Benchmarking : An International Journal. - 1463-5771 .- 1758-4094. ; 24:6, s. 1552-1570
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper provides a theoretical conceptualization of how data envelopment analysis can be applied to rail freight rolling stock in order to develop a tariff for track access charges which is functionally dependent upon the derived relative benchmark values of performance. Design/methodology/approach: It is posited that track access charges should be differentiated to reflect differences in the performance of rolling stock and that this can be achieved purely on the basis of technical and other characteristics. The performance benchmarking of rolling stock is proposed as the basis for formulating and justifying a performance-based tariff structure. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), relative index measures of rolling stock performance can be derived, benchmark performance identified and a tariff structure developed. Findings – A workable approach to implementing the concept, utilising existing in-house databases, is found to be feasible and a template for tariff-setting is established. Research limitations/implications – In the absence of access to in-house technical data on rolling stock which is commercially sensitive, no empirical application of the concept is possible. Originality/value – There are many ways to improve the efficiency of a railway system. Many are inherently long-term and involve significant investment. Using Sweden as an example, this paper proposes the more immediate, simpler and cheaper approach of incentivising the use of better rolling stock through appropriate track access charging. Such an approach should reduce the number of problems arising on the rail network and the costs imposed on other rail users, the infrastructure providers and society. Ultimately, the implementation of this approach would support the objective of increasing long-term robustness and reducing disruptions to railways
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| 57. |
- Cullinane, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
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RAIL FREIGHT QUALITY -THE CONTEXT OF SWEDISH RAIL FREIGHT AND A ROLLING STOCK INDEX
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nationell konferens i transportforskning 2015. ; 21-22 oktober Karlstads universitet
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There are many ways to improve the efficiency of a railway system. Many involve huge sums of money. However, an interim, less expensive method is to more strongly encourage the use of more efficient and less environmentally damaging rolling stock. There are many rail operators using the Swedish rail system. Some are dedicated to using up-to-date stock which is less prone to breakdowns, is gentler on the tracks and better for the environment. Other companies, however, are less concerned with the modernity of their stock and the impact it has on the whole railway system or the environment. A method is needed to encourage the use of the former and discourage the use of the latter. Without a way of analysing, benchmarking and monitoring performance, however, it is difficult to move forward. Fees can have a controlling function in all phases of the allocation of capacity. A more differentiated fee model means that the fee is raised and differentiated by vehicle characteristics and to train path connected to capacity utilization. This strategy will allow the connection to the marginal cost principle is reinforced (which is consistent with the legislature's intentions). This will be done by taking into account actual differences in vehicle wear, and partly by fees clearer reflects the capacity utilization of the railway infrastructure at different times and on different locations. This approach would strengthen and make visible the link between traffic operation and maintenance needs, and emphasize the importance of capacity utilized effectively. The aim is to increase long-term robustness and reduce disruptions to railways. The Swedish Transport Administration suggest that differentiated track and train path charges becomes key element of the fee structure (Trafikverket, 2013). Trafikverket (2013) also state that track access charges could also be designed to cover the social marginal cost of environmental impacts and noise emissions or differentiated by such costs. Quality charges were introduced in 2012. The Swedish Transport Administration believes that these could become effective instruments to complement other charges by affecting actors' behavior in the operational stage, i.e. during the implementation of the timetable. The quality of the train is measured in terms of the number of delay minutes, namely the additional delay that occurs between two timetable points during the journey. The current development of differentiated infrastructure charges generates a complicated and complex interrelated fee structure where costs, environmental, social and quality factors are included. We propose that several of these factors and components in fact could be integrated into an index construct of rolling stock to facilitate simple understanding of the rolling stock characteristics and performance as well as act as a benchmarking index. Given this background, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the need for a method of incentivising the use of more sustainable rolling stock in the Swedish rail freight sector and propose a possible benchmarking index. Key words: rail quality, differentiated charges, rolling stock
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| 58. |
- Cullinane, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
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The Dry Port Concept – Theory and Practice
- 2012
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Ingår i: Maritime Economics & Logistics. - 1479-2931. ; 14:1, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driven by the long-term stimulus of increasing worldwide trade and globalisation, the international freight transport industry thrives on continuous change and development, as reflected in managerial, regulatory and technological innovations within the sector. For container ports, in particular, the dynamic nature of such an environment has been most acutely felt in terms of considerable increases in the size of containerships (Cullinane and Khanna, 1999, 2000; Imai et al, 2006), the rationalisation of cargo handling operations in pursuit of greater efficiency (Cordeau et al, 2001; Imai et al, 2001; Zhang et al, 2002; Kim and Moon, 2003; Park and Kim, 2003; Vis and Koster, 2003; Christiansen et al, 2004; Guan and Cheung, 2004; Hansen et al, 2008; Cullinane, 2010), the devolution of port governance (Brooks and Cullinane, 2007) and the need to reorient the marketing of port services for strategic positioning within inherently competitive supply chains, rather than simply within essentially captive hinterlands (Robinson, 2002).
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| 59. |
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| 60. |
- Fan, Shuangrui, et al.
(författare)
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Forecasting Baltic Dirty Tanker Index by Applying Wavelet Neural Networks
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Technologies. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2160-0473 .- 2160-0481. ; 3:1, s. 68-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Baltic Exchange Dirty Tanker Index (BDTI) is an important assessment index in world dirty tanker shipping industry. Actors in the industry sector can gain numerous benefits from accurate forecasting of the BDTI. However, limitations exist in traditional stochastic and econometric explanation modeling techniques used in freight rate forecasting. At the same time research in shipping index forecasting e.g. BDTI applying artificial intelligent techniques is scarce. This analyses the possibilities to forecast the BDTI by applying Wavelet Neural Networks (WNN). Firstly, the characteristics of traditional and artificial intelligent forecasting techniques are discussed and rationales for choosing WNN are explained. Secondly, the components and features of BDTI will be explicated. After that, the authors delve the determinants and influencing factors behind fluctuations of the BDTI in order to set inputs for WNN forecasting model. The paper examines non-linearity and non-stationary features of the BDTI and elaborates WNN model building procedures. Finally, the comparison of forecasting performance between WNN and ARIMA time series models show that WNN has better forecasting accuracy than traditionally used modeling techniques.
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