| 21. |
- Di Corato, Luca, et al.
(författare)
-
Passive farming and land development : A real options approach
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 80, s. 32-46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU's farmers are no longer required to produce commodities to receive direct payments as long as they keep their land in good condition. Some believe this is bad for development because it encourages passive farming. We evaluate, using a real options approach, the implications of decoupled payments for the desirability and optimal timing of agricultural land development when considering sunk investment costs and uncertain future returns. We find that decoupled payments accelerate development while passive farming increases, by adding managerial flexibility, the value associated with land. We then use the Nash bargaining solution to identify the rental share to be paid for leasing land. We show that a deal for the lease of land can always be reached, but that the facility to use passive farming as an outside option allows landowners to extract policy rents, thereby undermining the potential for the Basic Payment Scheme to support tenant farmers’ incomes.
|
|
| 22. |
- Dänhardt, Juliana, et al.
(författare)
-
Mot en evidensbaserad CAP
- 2016
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- EU:s gemensamma jordbrukspolitik (CAP) är ett av de viktigaste styrmedlen för svenskt jordbruk, både när det gäller ekonomiska resurser och med avseende på hur stora arealer mark som påverkas. I den nuvarande CAP finns medel avsatta för miljöåtgärder såväl inom pelare 1 genom de så kallade förgröningsåtgärderna, som genom Landsbygdsprogrammet (pelare 2) via miljöstöden. Därmed skulle det kunna finnas stora möjligheter att genom CAP:s olika kanaler påverka biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster i jordbrukslandskapet. För att utveckla välfungerande och kostnadseffektiva styrmedel krävs att dessa byggs på en vetenskaplig kunskapsbas, att man utvärderar om stöden uppnår sina syften och att man undersöker hur ersättningarnas effekt skulle kunna förbättras med en alternativ utformning. En generell slutsats från vår forskning är att den vetenskapliga underbyggnaden av CAP uppvisar brister och att en utvärdering och utveckling av stöden borde byggas in som en organisk del av CAP. Vi föreslår att ett sådant utvärderingssystem, inklusive insamling av ett tillräckligt dataunderlag med lämpliga metoder, integreras i CAP och täcker hela programperioden.
|
|
| 23. |
- Hahn, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Styrmedel som tillvaratar lantbrukarnas drivkrafter och engagemang
- 2016
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I jordbrukslandskapet produceras en mängd ekosystemtjänster, där mat, foder och fiber kanske är de mest uppenbara. För att dessa försörjande tjänster skall kunna produceras på ett långsiktigt hållbart sätt krävs även en rad så kallade intermediära ekosystemtjänster, som kretslopp av näringsämnen, pollinering, naturlig kontroll av skadeinsekter och reglering av vattenflöden. Även om dessa ekosystemtjänster bidrar till lantbrukarnas lönsamhet, behöver det inte löna sig för den enskilda lantbrukaren att sköta dem. Därför behövs effektiva styrmedel – riktade eller generella – som ger lantbrukare tydliga incitament att gynna biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster. Sådana styrmedel behöver dessutom nå lantbrukare inom områden som idag enbart nås i begränsad utsträckning. För att åstadkomma detta är inte bara ersättningssystemet viktigt, utan även samverkan som tar fasta på jordbrukarnas egna drivkrafter och lokala förutsättningar. Multi-level governance är en modell för samverkan där beslutsfattande på olika nivåer matchas med ekologiska principer för att öka miljöpolitikens effektivitet.
|
|
| 24. |
- Hristov, Jordan, et al.
(författare)
-
Impacts of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy “Greening” Reform on Agricultural Development, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. - : Wiley. - 2040-5790 .- 2040-5804. ; 42:4, s. 716-738
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has had limited success in mitigating agriculture's environmental degradation. In this paper we simulate the impacts of the 2013 “greening” reform on biodiversity and ecosystem services in environmentally contrasting landscapes. We do this by integrating an agent-based model of structural change with spatial ecological production functions, and show that the reform will likely fail to deliver substantial environmental benefits. Our study implies that greening measures need to be tailored to local conditions and priorities, to generate environmental improvements. Such spatial targeting of measures is though incompatible with the design of a common direct payments scheme.
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
- Larsson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
-
Reformen av CAP 2013 : Lärdomar för en bättre jordbrukspolitik efter 2020
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den senaste reformen av EU:s gemensamma jordbrukspolitik (CAP) sjösattes 2015 med avsikten att göra det europeiska jordbruket mer konkurrenskraftigt och mer hållbart. Syftet med den här rapporten är att analysera vilka effekter reformen kan väntas få på svenskt jordbruk på områdena konkurrenskraft och miljö, för att undersöka om målen med reformen uppfylls eller ej. Analysen bygger på simuleringar i AgriPoliS, en modell av svenskt jordbruk på gårdsnivå i fyra typiska bygderSammantaget visar analysen att 2013 års reform kan väntas få begränsad inverkan. Jordbrukets konkurrenskraft förbättras något i produktiva regioner, medan effekterna blir små i mindre produktiva regioner. Djurnäringens konkurrenskraft kan till och med försämras något. På miljöområdet drar vi slutsatsen att förgröningsstödet inte ger några märkbara miljöeffekter.
|
|
| 27. |
- López I Losada, Raül, et al.
(författare)
-
Agent-Based Life Cycle Assessment enables joint economic-environmental analysis of policy to support agricultural biomass for biofuels
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 1879-1026 .- 0048-9697. ; 916
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Production of agricultural biofuels is expected to rise due to increasing climate change mitigation ambitions. Policy interventions promoting targeted bioenergy solutions can be motivated by the large environmental externalities present in agricultural systems and the local context of biomass production co-benefits. Introducing energy crops in crop rotations in arable land with depleted Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) levels offers the potential to increase SOC stocks and future crop yields as a step towards more sustainable agricultural systems. However, the environmental performance of a policy incentive for energy crops with SOC co-benefits is less evident when considering its land-use effects within and outside of the target agricultural system.We study the potential impacts of a change in agricultural policy on regional agricultural structure and production, and the environment with an Agent-Based Life Cycle Assessment approach. We simulate a policy payment that would achieve adoption of grass leys in crop rotations corresponding to 25 % of the highly productive land in an intensive farming region of southern Sweden. Although enhancing soil health in SOC-depleted farming regions is a desirable environmental objective, its significance is limited within the life-cycle performance of the payment. Instead, crop-displacement impacts and the grass potential as biofuel feedstock are the main drivers. The active utilisation of grasses for biofuel purposes is key in reaching a positive environmental evaluation of the policy instrument.Our environmental evaluation is likely generalisable to other regions with similar technological levels and farming intensity, while our analysis on structural shifts is specific to the policy instrument and agricultural production system under study. Overall, our work provides a method to contrast regional effects and global environmental impacts of policy instruments supporting agricultural biomass for biofuels prior to implementation. This contributes to the environmental assessment of land-based biofuels at a time when their sustainability is highly debated.
|
|
| 28. |
- Nicholas, Kimberly A., et al.
(författare)
-
A harmonized and spatially explicit dataset from 16 million payments from the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy for 2015
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Patterns. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-3899. ; 2:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the largest budget item in the European Union, but varied data reporting hampers holistic analysis. Here we have assembled the first dataset to our knowledge to report individual CAP payments by standardized CAP funding measures and geolocation. We created this dataset by translating, geolocating to the county or province (NUTS3) level, and consistently harmonizing payment measures for over 16 million payments from 2015, originally reported by EU member states and compiled by the Open Knowledge Foundation Germany. This dataset and code allow in-depth analysis of over €60 billion in public spending by purpose and location for the first time, which enables both individual payment tracing and analysis by aggregation. These data are representative of the distribution of annual CAP payments from 2014 to 2020 and are of interest to researchers, policy makers, non-governmental organizations, and journalists for evaluating the distribution and impacts of CAP spending.
|
|
| 29. |
- Nilsson, Lovisa, et al.
(författare)
-
A suboptimal array of options erodes the value of CAP ecological focus areas
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 85, s. 407-418
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a part of the greening of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy in 2013, Ecological Focus Areas (EFA) became mandatory for many European farmers, with the aim to enhance on-farm biodiversity. However, their effects on biodiversity have been disputed. In this interdisciplinary effort, we assessed the effects of current and alternative formulations of EFA regulations in Sweden. By complementing economic and ecological modelling with interviews with persons at administrative and advisory bodies and a narrative decision game with farmers, we were able to demonstrate key shortcomings of mandatory EFAs as a policy instrument. In particular, we evaluated if requirements to increase the quality of EFAs and regulations allowing their collective implementation, have the potential to increase their effectiveness in benefitting functional biodiversity. We focused on how biodiversity underpinning crop pollination and natural pest control would be affected by alternative regulations. First, we show that several of the possible EFA measures have no or minimal actual effect on biodiversity. Second, we demonstrate the need for appropriate incentives for farmers to choose and place agri-environmental measures in an environmentally desirable way. The EFA regulation is experienced as complicated and without any clear environmental benefits for the participants in this study. As a result, the confidence in the policy is undermined. Third, we demonstrate the challenge of devising compulsory measures to improve biodiversity that also need to fulfil demands on being flexible and easy to administrate. Our results indicate that the latter goal has taken precedence over the former, and thus providing an explanation of the poor design of the EFA regulation from a biodiversity perspective. We argue that to enhance biodiversity in farmland through general agri-environmental measures, only measures with clear benefits for biodiversity can be on the menu. Further, better information as well as incentives for optimizing EFA placement for biodiversity on farms are needed and combined with stricter rules on quality and placement where appropriate.
|
|
| 30. |
- Olsson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Optimizing Species Richness in Mosaic Landscapes : A Probabilistic Model of Species-Area Relationships
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Conservation Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2673-611X. ; 2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most landscapes are comprised of multiple habitat types differing in the biodiversity they contain. This is certainly true for human modified landscapes, which are often a mix of habitats managed with different intensity, semi-natural habitats and even pristine habitats. To understand fundamental questions of how the composition of such landscapes affects biodiversity conservation, and to evaluate biodiversity consequences of policies that affect the composition of landscapes, there is a need for models able to translate information on biodiversity from individual habitats to landscape-wide predictions. However, this is complicated by species richness not being additive. We constructed a model to help analyze and solve this problem based on two simple assumptions. Firstly, that a habitat can be characterized by the biological community inhabiting it; i.e., which species occur and at what densities. Secondly, that the probability of a species occurring in a particular unit of land is dictated by its average density in the associated habitats, its spatial aggregation, and the size of the land unit. This model leads to a multidimensional species-area relation (one dimension per habitat). If the goal is to maximize species diversity at the landscape scale (γ-diversity), within a fixed area or under a limited budget, the model can be used to find the optimal allocation of the different habitats. In general, the optimal solution depends on the total size of the species pool of the different habitats, but also their similarity (β-diversity). If habitats are complementary (high β), a mix is usually preferred, even if one habitat is poorer (lower α diversity in one habitat). The model lends itself to economic analyses of biodiversity problems, without the need to monetarize biodiversity value, i.e., cost-effectiveness analysis. Land prices and management costs will affect the solution, such that the model can be used to estimate the number of species gained in relation to expenditure on each habitat. We illustrate the utility of the model by applying it to agricultural landscapes in southern Sweden and demonstrate how empirical monitoring data can be used to find the best habitat allocation for biodiversity conservation within and between landscapes.
|
|
