| 91. |
- Jonzén, Niclas, et al.
(författare)
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Sharing the bounty-Adjusting harvest to predator return in the Scandinavian human-wolf-bear-moose system
- 2013
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Ingår i: Ecological Modelling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3800 .- 1872-7026. ; 265, s. 140-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increase and range extension of wolves (Canis lupus L) and brown bears ( Ursus arctos L) in Scandinavia inevitably impacts moose (Alces alces L.) populations and, as a consequence, the size and composition of the hunter harvest must be adjusted. We used a sex- and age-structured moose population model to delineate optimal harvest strategies under predation and to compare the resulting harvest composition with the strategy commonly implemented in practice. We examined how much moose density or adult sex ratio needs to change to fully compensate for losses to predation. We found a harvest allocation pattern in commonly used practical management across calves, bulls and cows that indicated a trade-off strategy between maximising the number of shot moose, the yield biomass and the number of shot prime bulls. This strategy performed quite well with respect to all yield measures and yielded an age structure most similar to the strategies maximising harvest biomass and prime bulls. Unless predation pressure was very high, the harvest loss could be completely compensated for by allowing a higher moose density. In other situations the current hunting strategy was not possible to implement and the moose density needed to sustain predation even without hunting increases dramatically. An alternative option to balance the predation loss was to accept a more female-biased sex ratio in the winter population. Hence, it may be possible to keep 50% calves in the harvest and still obtain the same total harvest if the proportion of bulls in the harvest is increased to compensate for predation. The increase of large carnivores competing with moose hunting creates conflicts and will inevitably reduce harvest yield unless hunting strategies change. We show how increased moose density and redistribution of the harvest towards bulls can mitigate this conflict and we provide a web-based tool, where stakeholders can compare the long-term effects of alternative management decisions and eventually adjust their hunting strategy accordingly. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 92. |
- Liberg, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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An updated synthesis on appropriate science-based criteria for "favourable reference population" of the Scandinavian wolf (Canis lupus) population : Assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report provides an updated synthesis on appropriate science-based criteria for "favourable reference population" FRP for the Scandinavian wolf (Canis lupus) population and present quantitative values on FRP. The assignment was given by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to the SKANDULV research group at Grimsö, SLU, Sweden. A thorough review of the ecology and genetics of the wolf population is provided, including measurements of inbreeding depression in the population. Results from earlier MVP analyses of the Scandinavian wolf population are presented, as are former suggestions of FRP or other management goals for the population. A consensus was not possible to achieve among all involved scientist, the results are therefore presented in two different parts. OL, CW, øF, PW and HS suggest that the population value for FRP should be 340 for Scandinavia, and 300 for Sweden. They argue that this Scandinavian sub-population should be connected to a larger meta-population with the minimum size of Ne=500, corresponding to approximately 1700 wolves, and the connection should be minimum one immigrant from the large meta-population to the Scandinavian wolf population per generation. They acknowledge a meta-population that includes also wolves living outside of EU territory, as long as there is the stipulated connectivity. GC evaluated FCS based on a strict interpretation of Habitats Directive informed by previous rulings by the European Court of Justice and documents from the European Commission. He finds that if Sweden cannot include wolves from outside its national territory to fulfill its obligations under the Habitats Directive, FCS will be achieved at 1700 wolves (Ne=500) or at the country carrying capacity. If on the contrary Sweden can include wolves living in a separate population from another country to fulfill its obligations under the Habitats Directive, FCS will be achieved at half the country carrying capacity (preliminarily estimated at 1200/2=600 wolves) or more according to the connectivity naturally achieved. Non EU Member States cannot contribute to this meta-population. There was consensus between all researchers that the target for the population inbreeding coefficient should be 0.2 or lower.
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| 93. |
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| 94. |
- Liberg, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Shoot, shovel and shut up: cryptic poaching slows restoration of a large carnivore in Europe
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 279, s. 910-915
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poaching is a widespread and well-appreciated problem for the conservation of many threatened species. Because poaching is illegal, there is strong incentive for poachers to conceal their activities, and consequently, little data on the effects of poaching on population dynamics are available. Quantifying poaching mortality should be a required knowledge when developing conservation plans for endangered species but is hampered by methodological challenges. We show that rigorous estimates of the effects of poaching relative to other sources of mortality can be obtained with a hierarchical state space model combined with multiple sources of data. Using the Scandinavian wolf (Canis lupus) population as an illustrative example, we show that poaching accounted for approximately half of total mortality and more than two-thirds of total poaching remained undetected by conventional methods, a source of mortality we term as 'cryptic poaching'. Our simulations suggest that without poaching during the past decade, the population would have been almost four times as large in 2009. Such a severe impact of poaching on population recovery may be widespread among large carnivores. We believe that conservation strategies for large carnivores considering only observed data may not be adequate and should be revised by including and quantifying cryptic poaching.
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| 95. |
- López-Bao, José Vicente, et al.
(författare)
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Carnivore coexistence: Wilderness not required
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 348, s. 871-872
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 96. |
- López-Bao, José Vicente, et al.
(författare)
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Finding space for large carnivores
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature ecology & evolution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-334X. ; 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 97. |
- López-Bao, José Vicente, et al.
(författare)
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Legal obligations regarding populations on the verge of extinction in Europe: Conservation, Restoration, Recolonization, Reintroduction
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 227, s. 319-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After more than two decades of implementation of the Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC), some fundamental aspects of the directive are still unclear, and subject to interpretive uncertainty, which limit its correct implementation. For example, obligations for Member States in situations where a protected population has almost, or has just, gone extinct are unclear. The isolated and protected population of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Sierra Morena region in Spain - the only wolf population in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula - has been steadily declining to the point where it is doubtful whether any wolves are left. Using this illustrative example, we provide clarifications on the obligations by Member States in situations where populations are on the verge of extinction. Our analysis shows that Articles 6 and 12 of the Habitats Directive require Member States to restore populations that are quasi extinct. From a legal perspective, even the complete extinction of the species would not exonerate Member States from its obligations regarding the species in the Natura 2000 sites concerned. In this line, we argue that the Spanish authorities should not wait with recolonization, reinforcement and/or reintroduction actions until the complete absence of wolves in the Sierra Morena is conclusively proven. Two scenarios appear to meet legal requirements: i) active reinforcement/reintroduction, or an active and effective policy towards a rapid natural recolonization of Sierra Morena by northern wolves. However, based on the observed wolf trends in Spain and Portugal during the past five decades, a reconnection between northern and Sierra Morena wolves seems unlikely in the foreseeable future even if actively promoted. Considering the urgency of actions required to avoid that this population will be the first wolf population to become extinct in Europe in modern times, in order to comply with European obligations, the adopting and carrying out a reintroduction/reinforcement scheme to restore the Sierra Morena wolf population is required. Such a scheme needs to be accompanied by a comprehensive enforcement plan to assure that reintroduced wolves will thrive.
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| 98. |
- López-Bao, José Vicente, et al.
(författare)
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The Achilles heel of participatory conservation
- 2017
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 212, s. 139-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although participatory planning for conservation has gained prominence over the past few decades, whether this process is successful in protecting biodiversity is still controversial. Moreover, the initial, constitutive decisions about whom to include in the process may undermine the sometimes-implicit goal that non-participants will find the outcomes legitimate and equitable. Different pitfalls relate to the proper representation of all public interests, such as tyranny of the minority or conflicts of interest. We focus on the effective integration of the broad public interest into decisions on use and preservation of the environment, including biodiversity, and we argue why the broad public interest should be considered a prerequisite to processes that are democratic, legitimate and equitable. When narrower interests become entrenched, conservation conflicts can become chronic as opponents take irreconcilable positions and polarize debate. Participatory decision-making processes could be improved by codifying the democratic principles of intergenerational equity and the public trust doctrine. We make recommendations on how to integrate the broad public interest in conservation decisions.
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| 99. |
- López-Bao, José Vicente, et al.
(författare)
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Toothless wildlife protection laws
- 2015
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Ingår i: Biodiversity and Conservation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0960-3115 .- 1572-9710. ; 24, s. 2105-2108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 100. |
- Persson, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Paying for an Endangered Predator Leads to Population Recovery
- 2015
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Ingår i: Conservation Letters. - : Wiley. - 1755-263X. ; 8, s. 345-350
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Keeping viable predator populations on a human-dominated planet will require innovative approaches that promote local coexistence with human activities. Conservation performance payments, which are linked specifically to the production of a desired environmental output, have received increasing attention but their effectiveness in predator conservation remains undocumented. Here, we show that paying Sami reindeer herders for wolverine (Gulo gulo) reproductions has been instrumental in the recovery of wolverines in Sweden. Adult female wolverines were significantly less exposed to illegal killing and this allowed the population to more than double in a decade. We argue that this program provides protection for adult female wolverines through a combination of direct monetary value and indirect protection because of monitoring activities. The program's success, even in a system where livestock is the main prey for the predator, reveals an exceptional potential for future implementations in large carnivore conservation.
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