| 41. |
- Chapron, Guillaume
(författare)
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News selection and framing: the media as a stakeholder in human-carnivore coexistence
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The media widely covers large carnivores and their impacts on human livelihood and plays an important role in their conservation. Yet, we know little about how species identity affects news selection, framing, accuracy and information flow. We investigated the online coverage of two cases of attacks or alleged attacks on humans alternatingly attributed to wolves and dogs in Greece and Germany. The period during which wolves were considered the primary suspects for the attacks was covered by up to two times more articles than when dogs were suspected. Wolves were presented as more likely suspects for the attacks than dogs, and wolf articles contained more inaccuracies measured as title-text mismatches. Press agencies played a significant role in the selection and dissemination of wolf news. We suggest that conservation scientists, journalists and policy makers work together to ensure an accurate representation in the media of human-carnivore coexistence and its challenges.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Chapron, Guillaume
(författare)
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Overestimates of maternity and population growth rates in multi-annual breeders
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 59, s. 237-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There has been limited attention to estimating maternity rate because it appears to be relatively simple. However, when used for multi-annual breeder species, such as the largest carnivores, the most common estimators introduce an upward bias by excluding unproductive females. Using a simulated dataset based on published data, we compare the accuracy of maternity estimates derived from standard methods against estimates derived from an alternative method. We show that standard methods overestimate maternity rates in the presence of unsuccessful pregnancies. Importantly, population growth rates derived from a matrix model parameterized with the biased estimates may indicate increasing populations although the populations are stable or even declining. We recommend the abandonment of the biased standard methods and to instead use the unbiased alternative method for population projections and assessments of population viability.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Chapron, Guillaume, et al.
(författare)
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Predators and the public trust
- 2017
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Ingår i: Biological Reviews. - : Wiley. - 1464-7931 .- 1469-185X. ; 92, s. 248-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many democratic governments recognize a duty to conserve environmental resources, including wild animals, as a public trust for current and future citizens. These public trust principles have informed two centuries of U.S.A. Supreme Court decisions and environmental laws worldwide. Nevertheless numerous populations of large-bodied, mammalian carnivores (predators) were eradicated in the 20th century. Environmental movements and strict legal protections have fostered predator recoveries across the U.S.A. and Europe since the 1970s. Now subnational jurisdictions are regaining management authority from central governments for their predator subpopulations. Will the history of local eradication repeat or will these jurisdictions adopt public trust thinking and their obligation to broad public interests over narrower ones? We review the role of public trust principles in the restoration and preservation of controversial species. In so doing we argue for the essential roles of scientists from many disciplines concerned with biological diversity and its conservation. We look beyond species endangerment to future generations' interests in sustainability, particularly non-consumptive uses. Although our conclusions apply to all wild organisms, we focus on predators because of the particular challenges they pose for government trustees, trust managers, and society. Gray wolves Canis lupus L. deserve particular attention, because detailed information and abundant policy debates across regions have exposed four important challenges for preserving predators in the face of interest group hostility. One challenge is uncertainty and varied interpretations about public trustees' responsibilities for wildlife, which have created a mosaic of policies across jurisdictions. We explore how such mosaics have merits and drawbacks for biodiversity. The other three challenges to conserving wildlife as public trust assets are illuminated by the biology of predators and the interacting behavioural ecologies of humans and predators. The scientific community has not reached consensus on sustainable levels of human-caused mortality for many predator populations. This challenge includes both genuine conceptual uncertainty and exploitation of scientific debate for political gain. Second, human intolerance for predators exposes value conflicts about preferences for some wildlife over others and balancing majority rule with the protection of minorities in a democracy. We examine how differences between traditional assumptions and scientific studies of interactions between people and predators impede evidence-based policy. Even if the prior challenges can be overcome, well-reasoned policy on wild animals faces a greater challenge than other environmental assets because animals and humans change behaviour in response to each other in the short term. These coupled, dynamic responses exacerbate clashes between uses that deplete wildlife and uses that enhance or preserve wildlife. Viewed in this way, environmental assets demand sophisticated, careful accounting by disinterested trustees who can both understand the multidisciplinary scientific measurements of relative costs and benefits among competing uses, and justly balance the needs of all beneficiaries including future generations. Without public trust principles, future trustees will seldom prevail against narrow, powerful, and undemocratic interests. Without conservation informed by public trust thinking predator populations will face repeated cycles of eradication and recovery.Our conclusions have implications for the many subfields of the biological sciences that address environmental trust assets from the atmosphere to aquifers.
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| 47. |
- Chapron, Guillaume
(författare)
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Predicting the consequences of subsistence poaching on the population persistence of a non-target species of conservation concern
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Illegal animal hunting, a contributor to biodiversity loss, occurs along a relative selectivity spectrum from indiscriminate to highly selective. Extensive research has evaluated the impacts of selective hunting on animal populations. In contrast, the ways in which indiscriminate hunting pressure can shape populations of non-target species has not yet received comparable attention. We used empirical field data collection and simulation modelling to predict the persistence of an African lion population (Panthera leo) subject to indiscriminate hunting pressure from non-target subsistence poaching via wire snares in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda. Our simulation modelling predicted lion population extirpation following a 50 % rise of lethal poaching pressure above the observed levels. When lethal poaching pressure doubled, the lion population was extirpated in similar to 70 % of our simulations. We then simulated reductions in lethal poaching pressure to quantify the predicted population recovery of lions. We found that the lion population increased by 40 % with reductions in lethal poaching pressure of 50 %. When we removed lethal poaching pressure entirely, the lion population nearly doubled in just 18 years. Our results demonstrate that by reducing the density of wire snares in the study area by just 2.79/km(2), the lion population transitioned from being locally extirpated in 67 % of the simulations to reaching carrying capacity inside of two lion generations. We explore how vulnerable even non-target animals are to subsistence poaching and describe the types of applied practices that can be implemented to reduce wire snaring and effectively promote the population recovery of species of conservation concern.
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| 48. |
- Chapron, Guillaume
(författare)
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Quantity Does Not Always Mean Quality: The Importance of Qualitative Social Science in Conservation Research
- 2017
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Ingår i: Society and Natural Resources. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0894-1920 .- 1521-0723. ; 30, s. 1304-1310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Qualitative methods are important to gain a deep understanding of complex problems and poorly researched areas. They can be particularly useful to help explain underlying conservation problems. However, the significance in choosing and justifying appropriate methodological frameworks in conservation studies should be given more attention to ensure data are collected and analysed appropriately. We explain when, why, and how qualitative methods should be used and explain sampling strategies in qualitative studies. To improve familiarity with qualitative methods among natural scientists, we recommend expanding training in social sciences and increasing collaboration with social scientists. Given the scale of human impacts on the environment, this type of nuanced analytical skill is critical for progressing biodiversity conservation efforts.
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| 49. |
- Chapron, Guillaume, et al.
(författare)
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Recovery of large carnivores in Europe's modern human-dominated landscapes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 346, s. 1517-1519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and wolverines (Gulo gulo) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. The reasons for this overall conservation success include protective legislation, supportive public opinion, and a variety of practices making coexistence between large carnivores and people possible. The European situation reveals that large carnivores and people can share the same landscape.
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| 50. |
- Chapron, Guillaume
(författare)
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Reducing matrix population models with application to social animal species
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ecological Modelling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3800 .- 1872-7026. ; 232, s. 91-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stage-structured matrix models are commonly used to inform management decisions for species with complex life cycles. These models require information on the number or proportion of individuals in each stage. However, complex life cycles, such as those in species exhibiting a complex social organization, can make these data difficult to obtain. The discrete time structure of matrix models makes them reducible, meaning that full models can be simplified by removing some stages. We illustrate the method by reducing the life cycle of wolf (Canis lupus) on which culling and conservation plans often lead to controversial debates. Starting from a 4-stage matrix incorporating social stages, we obtained several reduced models of increasing simplicity all showing similar demographic outcomes to the full model. We found that asymptotic growth rates of reduced models were in close agreement with empirical data. Our approach can offset the lack of information on individual stage abundance and therefore be valuable when using matrix models for wildlife management when data on certain stages are sparse. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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