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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Ernst, Aurélie, et al.
(författare)
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Neurogenesis in the Striatum of the Adult Human Brain
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cell. - Cambridge, MA 02139, USA : Elsevier. - 0092-8674 .- 1097-4172. ; 156:5, s. 1072-1083
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurons are added throughout life in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb in most mammals, although humans represent an exception without detectable olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Nevertheless, neuroblasts are generated in the lateral ventricle wall in humans, the neurogenic niche for olfactory bulb neurons in other mammals. We show that, in humans, new neurons integrate adjacent to this neurogenic niche, in the striatum. The neuronal turnover in the striatum appears restricted to interneurons and we show that postnatally generated striatal neurons are preferentially depleted in Huntington’s disease. This demonstrates a unique pattern of neurogenesis in the adult human brain.
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| 24. |
- Gudmannsson, Petur, et al.
(författare)
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A Unique Fatal Moose Attack Mimicking Homicide
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-1198 .- 1556-4029. ; 63:2, s. 622-625
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fatalities caused by animal attacks are rare, but have the potential to mimic homicide. We present a case in which a moose attacked and killed a woman who was walking her dog in a forest. Autopsy showed widespread blunt trauma with a large laceration on one leg in which blades of grass were embedded. Flail chest was the cause of death. The case was initially conceived as homicide by means of a riding lawn mower. A review of the case by moose experts and analyses of biological trace material that proved to originate from moose, established the true source of injury. The dog probably provoked a moose, which, in response, stomped and gored the victim to death. The injuries resembled those previously reported from attacks by cattle and water buffalo. Fatal moose attacks constitute an extremely rare threat in boreal areas, but can be considered in traumatic deaths of unknown cause.
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| 25. |
- Guerrieri, Davide, et al.
(författare)
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Postmortem and Toxicological Findings in a Series of Furanylfentanyl-Related Deaths
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. - 0146-4760 .- 1945-2403. ; 41:3, s. 242-249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the course of 4 months in 2015 and 2016, a cluster of seven fatal intoxications involving the opioid-analogue furanylfentanyl occurred in Sweden; toxicological analysis showed presence of furanylfentanyl either as the only drug or in combination with other illicit substances. Previous publications have only reported non-lethal furanylfentanyl intoxications. In the cases presented here, furanylfentanyl intoxication-alone or in combination with other drugs-was determined to be the cause of death by the responsible pathologist. All victims were young (24-37 years old) males, five of which had a well-documented history of drug abuse. Femoral blood concentration of furanylfentanyl ranged from 0.41 ng/g to 2.47 ng/g blood. Five cases presented a complex panel of drugs of abuse and prescription drugs. Moreover, in five cases the concurrent presence of pregabalin corroborates previous observations indicating pregabalin as a possible contributing factor in polydrug intoxications. We conclude that it is difficult to establish a specific lethal concentration of furanylfentanyl, due to incompletely known effects of possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with other drugs, as well as to the unknown degree of tolerance to opioids. We suggest that a full toxicological screening-to assess the possibility of drug interactions-together with segmental hair analysis regarding opioids-to estimate the level of opioid tolerance-be carried out to assist in the interpretation of cases involving synthetic opioids such as furanylfentanyl.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Heinke, Paula, et al.
(författare)
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Diploid hepatocytes drive physiological liver renewal in adult humans
- 2022
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Ingår i: CELL SYSTEMS. - : Elsevier. - 2405-4712 .- 2405-4720. ; 13:6, s. 499-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physiological liver cell replacement is central to maintaining the organ's high metabolic activity, although its characteristics are difficult to study in humans. Using retrospective radiocarbon (C-14) birth dating of cells, we report that human hepatocytes show continuous and lifelong turnover, allowing the liver to remain a young organ (average age <3 years). Hepatocyte renewal is highly dependent on the ploidy level. Diploid hepatocytes show more than 7-fold higher annual birth rates than polyploid hepatocytes. These observations support the view that physiological liver cell renewal in humans is mainly dependent on diploid hepatocytes, whereas polyploid cells are compromised in their ability to divide. Moreover, cellular transitions between diploid and polyploid hepatocytes are limited under homeostatic conditions. With these findings, we present an integrated model of homeostatic liver cell generation in humans that provides fundamental insights into liver cell turnover dynamics.
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| 28. |
- Holmgren, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Drug interactions : a challenge in interpreting postmortem toxicology results and a problem in the clinical practice
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objective: Multiple drug intake is a problem in tbe clinical setting with potential to adverse drug reactions and certainly a problem in interpretation of forensic toxicology results. The aims of this investigation were to study the incidence of concomitant drugs in autopsy cases where citalopram or zopiclone were detected in femoral blood and to evaluate the potential of drug interactions.Methods: All medico-legal autopsy cases in Sweden during 1992 to 2003 where citalopram or zopiclone were detected in femoral blood at the toxicological analyses were selected. The number and occurrences of concomitant drugs were recorded together with the concentrations as well as the cause of death.Results: In the 2405 cases with citalopram, 123 different drugs, metabolites excluded, were detected 4679 times giving an average of 1.9 concomitant drugs and 1099 different dmg combinations were identified. The corresponding figures for the cases with zopiclone were 1557 cases, 118 different drugs detected 3984 times giving an average of 2.6 concomitant drugs and 977 different combinations. We found a strong positive correlation between the number of drugs detected and the frequency of cases judged to be intoxication.Conclusions: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions are a potential problem when interpreting forensic toxicological results and the conclusions about the cause and manner of death in the single case must be based on all available information from the investigation and tbe autopsy and on tbe knowledge of tbe pharmacology of included drugs. A better control of prescriptions of what different drugs an individual is given together with a comprehensive therapy control may reduce the risks of adverse drug reactions and unintended or accidental intoxications.
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| 29. |
- Holmgren, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Enantioselective analysis of citalopram and its metabolites in postmortem blood and genotyping for CYD2D6 and CYP2C19
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0146-4760 .- 1945-2403. ; 28:2, s. 94-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is one of the most commonly found drugs in Swedish forensic autopsy cases. Citalopram is a racemic drug with 50:50 of the S- and R- enantiomers. Enantioselective analysis of citalopram and its metabolites desmethylcitalopram and didesmethylcitalopram were performed in femoral blood from 53 autopsy cases by a chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The mean (± standard deviation) S/R ratio for citalopram was 0.67 ± 0.25 and for desmethylcitalopram, 0.68 ± 0.20. We found increasing S/R ratios with increasing concentrations of citalopram. We also found that high citalopram S/R ratios were associated with a high parent drug-to-metabolite ratio and may be an indicator of recent intake. Citalopram is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, 2C19, and 2D6. Genotyping for the polymorphic CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 revealed no poor metabolizers regarding CYP2C19 and only 2 (3.8%) poor metabolizers regarding CYP2D6. The presence of drugs metabolized by and/or inhibiting these enzymes in several of the cases suggests that such pharmacokinetic interactions are a more important (practical) problem than metabolic deficiency. Enantioselective analysis of citalopram and its metabolites can provide additional information when interpreting forensic toxicology results and might be a necessity in the future.
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| 30. |
- Holmgren, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Stability of drugs in stored postmortem femoral blood and vitreous humor
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - 0022-1198 .- 1556-4029. ; 49:4, s. 820-825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stability of 46 drugs in postmortem femoral blood stored for one year at -20°C was investigated. The drugs included benzodiazepines, antidepressants, analgetics and hypnotics. For seven drugs we found a significant change in the concentration between the first and second analysis. Five substances; ethanol, desmethylmianserin, 7-amino-nitrazepam, THC and zopiclone showed a decrease in the concentration whereas the concentrations of two substances; ketobemidone and thioridazine increased. However, the changes observed were not of such an order that it would affect the interpretation in normal forensic casework. We also investigated the possible influence of potassium fluoride on the concentrations of the 46 drugs in vitreous humor after storage for one year. For two substances, ethanol and zopiclone, there were significantly lower concentrations in the samples without potassium fluoride. Furthermore, we also studied the correlation between the concentrations in femoral blood and vitreous humor. For 23 substances there was a significant difference between the concentrations in the vitreous humor and femoral blood. Significant correlations between the concentrations in these two specimens were found for 23 substances, indicating that vitreous humor can be an alternative specimen when blood samples are not available, provided that such correlation exists for the particular substance. Statistical analysis also revealed a correlation between the degree of protein binding of the different drugs and percentage of vitreous/femoral blood concentrations.
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