| 111. |
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| 112. |
- Fabre, Anne-Claire, et al.
(författare)
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Do Muscles Constrain Skull Shape Evolution in Strepsirrhines?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Anatomical record-advances in integrative anatomy and evolutionary biology. - : Wiley. - 1932-8486 .- 1932-8494. ; 301:2, s. 291-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite great interest and decades of research, the musculoskeletal relationships of the masticatory system in primates are still not fully understood. However, without a clear understanding of the interplay between muscles and bones it remains difficult to understand the functional significance of morphological traits of the skeleton. Here, we aim to study the impacts of the masticatory muscles on the shape of the cranium and the mandible as well as their co-variation in strepsirrhine primates. To do so, we use 3D geometric morphometric approaches to assess the shape of each bone of the skull of 20 species for which muscle data are available in the literature. Impacts of the masticatory muscles on the skull shape were assessed using non-phylogenetic regressions and phylogenetic regressions whereas co-variations were assessed using two-blocks partial least square (2B-PLS) and phylogenetic 2B-PLS. Our results show that there is a phylogenetic signal for skull shape and masticatory muscles. They also show that there is a significant impact of the masticatory muscles on cranial shape but not as much as on the mandible. The co-variations are also stronger between the masticatory muscles and cranial shape even when taking into account phylogeny. Interestingly, the results of co-variation between the masticatory muscles and mandibular shape show a more complex pattern in two different directions to get strong muscles associated with mandibular shape: a folivore way (with the bamboo lemurs and sifakas) and a hard-object eater one (with the aye-aye).
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| 113. |
- Fronzek, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Classifying multi-model wheat yield impact response surfaces showing sensitivity to temperature and precipitation change
- 2018
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Ingår i: Agricultural Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-521X. ; 159, s. 209-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crop growth simulation models can differ greatly in their treatment of key processes and hence in their response to environmental conditions. Here, we used an ensemble of 26 process-based wheat models applied at sites across a European transect to compare their sensitivity to changes in temperature (-2 to +9°C) and precipitation (-50 to +50%). Model results were analysed by plotting them as impact response surfaces (IRSs), classifying the IRS patterns of individual model simulations, describing these classes and analysing factors that may explain the major differences in model responses.The model ensemble was used to simulate yields of winter and spring wheat at four sites in Finland, Germany and Spain. Results were plotted as IRSs that show changes in yields relative to the baseline with respect to temperature and precipitation. IRSs of 30-year means and selected extreme years were classified using two approaches describing their pattern.The expert diagnostic approach (EDA) combines two aspects of IRS patterns: location of the maximum yield (nine classes) and strength of the yield response with respect to climate (four classes), resulting in a total of 36 combined classes defined using criteria pre-specified by experts. The statistical diagnostic approach (SDA) groups IRSs by comparing their pattern and magnitude, without attempting to interpret these features. It applies a hierarchical clustering method, grouping response patterns using a distance metric that combines the spatial correlation and Euclidian distance between IRS pairs. The two approaches were used to investigate whether different patterns of yield response could be related to different properties of the crop models, specifically their genealogy, calibration and process description.Although no single model property across a large model ensemble was found to explain the integrated yield response to temperature and precipitation perturbations, the application of the EDA and SDA approaches revealed their capability to distinguish: (i) stronger yield responses to precipitation for winter wheat than spring wheat; (ii) differing strengths of response to climate changes for years with anomalous weather conditions compared to period-average conditions; (iii) the influence of site conditions on yield patterns; (iv) similarities in IRS patterns among models with related genealogy; (v) similarities in IRS patterns for models with simpler process descriptions of root growth and water uptake compared to those with more complex descriptions; and (vi) a closer correspondence of IRS patterns in models using partitioning schemes to represent yield formation than in those using a harvest index.Such results can inform future crop modelling studies that seek to exploit the diversity of multi-model ensembles, by distinguishing ensemble members that span a wide range of responses as well as those that display implausible behaviour or strong mutual similarities.
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| 114. |
- Grodent, Denis, et al.
(författare)
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Jupiter's Aurora Observed With HST During Juno Orbits 3 to 7
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 123:5, s. 3299-3319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large set of observations of Jupiter's ultraviolet aurora was collected with the Hubble Space Telescope concurrently with the NASA-Juno mission, during an eight-month period, from 30 November 2016 to 18 July 2017. These Hubble observations cover Juno orbits 3 to 7 during which Juno in situ and remote sensing instruments, as well as other observatories, obtained a wealth of unprecedented information on Jupiter's magnetosphere and the connection with its auroral ionosphere. Jupiter's ultraviolet aurora is known to vary rapidly, with timescales ranging from seconds to one Jovian rotation. The main objective of the present study is to provide a simplified description of the global ultraviolet auroral morphology that can be used for comparison with other quantities, such as those obtained with Juno. This represents an entirely new approach from which logical connections between different morphologies may be inferred. For that purpose, we define three auroral subregions in which we evaluate the auroral emitted power as a function of time. In parallel, we define six auroral morphology families that allow us to quantify the variations of the spatial distribution of the auroral emission. These variations are associated with changes in the state of the Jovian magnetosphere, possibly influenced by Io and the Io plasma torus and by the conditions prevailing in the upstream interplanetary medium. This study shows that the auroral morphology evolved differently during the five similar to 2week periods bracketing the times of Juno perijove (PJ03 to PJ07), suggesting that during these periods, the Jovian magnetosphere adopted various states.
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| 115. |
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| 116. |
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| 117. |
- Joly, J., et al.
(författare)
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Self-consistent modelling of heating synergy between NBI and ICRH in JET deuterium plasmas
- 2019
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Ingår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 61:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Auxiliary heating is essential to initiate fusion in future tokamaks. In particular, ion heating tends to maximise the alpha power generation by increasing the thermal ion temperature. In order to simulate the plasma heating by ion cyclotron radio frequency waves, the EVE code, a full wave code for IC wave propagation, and SPOT, an orbit following Monte Carlo code combined with the RFOF library which calculates the absorption of wave by ions, have been coupled together. This new package is used for simulating JET plasmas with strong interplay between ion cyclotron resonant heating and neutral beam injection. Simulations shows that up to 20% of the neutron rate generated in recent JET D plasmas is due to the synergy between both heating mechanisms. However, the H concentration plays a critical role on such interplay, because the synergy efficiency weakens with the H concentration. Therefore, the control of the H concentration is mandatory for optimising the fusion reaction rate generation at JET.
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| 118. |
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| 119. |
- Nordman, Hans, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Anomalous impurity transport in tokamaks in the presence of RF fields
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 35th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Hersonissos, Greece, 9-13 June, 2008, ECA. - 9781622763351 ; 32:2, s. 882-885
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent experiments1-4 have shown that auxiliary heating can influence impurity accumulation in Tokamaks. In the present study the transport of impurities by Ion-Temperature-Gradient (ITG) and Trapped-Electron (TE) mode turbulence in the presence of radio frequency (rf) fields in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies is investigated using an electrostatic, collisionless fluid model. The turbulence is affected by the ponderomotive force associated with the rf field of the fast magnetosonic wave in the plasma. It is shown that the inward impurity convective velocity (pinch) and diffusivity can be reduced by the rf field, in particular close to the wave resonance location where the ponderomotive force may be significant. However, the steady state impurity density peaking factor -∇nz/nz does not seem to be as strongly affected by the rf field as indicated by recent tokamak experiments.
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| 120. |
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