| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
|
|
| 33. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954
(författare)
-
East African Community: Pre-conditions for an Effective Monetary Union
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda signed the Treaty for the establishment of the East African Community (EAC) in 1999, which entered into force in July 2000. In 2007 it was signed by Burundi and Rwanda. According to the Treaty, EAC should first form a customs union, then a common market and a monetary union, and finally a political union. The Customs Union was formally completed in 2010, and Common Market Protocol was signed in 2009. Currently the intention is to sign the East African Monetary Union protocol 2012, while the date for actual implementation of the common currency is uncertain. The purpose of this note is to discuss preconditions for an effective monetary union among the EAC members, with a focus on Rwanda. It first outlines potential economic benefits and costs of a monetary union, and then discusses political and institutional preconditions. It concludes that although there are potentially substantive economic net-benefits, a monetary union is a risky project for political reasons. The political will among policymakers is key to successful implementation, and it could vanish with a change of government or because of discontent among influential lobby groups. However, the process towards forming are monetary union is appears to be highly beneficial the EAC members, both directly by improving monetary policy and indirectly by contributing to economic integration.
|
|
| 34. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954, et al.
(författare)
-
Economic Inequality and HIV in Malawi
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To analyze if the spread of HIV is related to economic inequality we estimate multilevel models of the individual probability of HIV infection among young Malawian women. We find a positive association between HIV infection and inequality at both the neighborhood and district levels, but no effect of individual poverty. We also find that the HIV-inequality relationship is related to risky sex, gender violence, and return migration, though no variable completely replaces economic inequality as a predictor of HIV infections. The HIV-inequality relationship does not seem to be related to bad health, gender gaps in education or women’s market work.
|
|
| 35. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954, et al.
(författare)
-
Economic Inequality and HIV in Malawi
- 2012
-
Ingår i: World Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-750X. ; 40:7, s. 1435-1451
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To analyze if the spread of HIV is related to economic inequality we estimate multilevel models of the individual probability of HIV infection among young Malawian women. We find a positive association between HIV infection and inequality at both the neighborhood and district levels, but no effect of individual poverty. We also find that the HIV inequality relationship is related to risky sex, gender violence, and return migration, though no variable completely replaces economic inequality as a predictor of HIV infections. The HIV inequality relationship does not seem to be related to bad health, gender gaps in education or women's market work. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 36. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954, et al.
(författare)
-
Education and HIV incidence among young women: causation or selection?
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several studies report that schooling protects against HIV infection in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the effect of secondary school attendance on the probability of HIV incidence among young women aged 15-24, using panel data from rural KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Three approaches are used to distinguish causation from selection: instrumentation to identify the causal effect, a fixed effects model to control for constant unobserved factors and assessments of the bias from selection on unobserved variables. Although there is a strong negative association between secondary school attendance and HIV incidence, we are not able to find support for a causal effect. Thus, there is no evidence that interventions that increase secondary school attendance in KwaZulu-Natal would mechanically reduce HIV risk for young women. Our focus on school attendance, in contrast to studies that analyze school attainment, might explain the negative finding.
|
|
| 37. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954, et al.
(författare)
-
Education and HIV incidence among young women in KwaZulu-Natal: An association but no evidence of a causal protective effect
- 2019
-
Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the relationship between school attendance and HIV incidence among young women in South Africa. Our aim is to distinguish a causal effect from correlation. Towards this end, we apply three methods to population-based longitudinal data for 2005-2012 in KwaZulu-Natal. After establishing a negative association, we first use a method that assesses the influence of omitted variables. We then estimate models with exclusion restrictions to remove endogeneity bias, and finally we estimate models that control for unobserved factors that remain constant over time. All the three methods have strengths and weaknesses, but none of them suggests a causal effect. Thus, interventions that increase school attendance in KwaZulu-Natal would probably not mechanically reduce HIV risk for young women. Although the impact of school attendance could vary depending on context, unobserved variables are likely to be an important reason for the common finding of a negative association between school attendance and HIV incidence in the literature.
|
|
| 38. |
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954
(författare)
-
Fairtrade and Market Efficiency: Fairtrade-Labeled Coffee in the Swedish Coffee Market
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Economies. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-7099. ; 8:2, s. 1-17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fairtrade labeling has the potential to increase market efficiency by connecting farmers to altruistic consumers who are willing to pay a premium for sustainability-certified products. A requirement for increased efficiency, though, is that the farmers’ benefits are larger than the Fairtrade processing costs and the excess payment by consumers that does not accrue to farmers; otherwise direct transfers to farmers would be more efficient. This paper analyzes how excess payment for Fairtrade-labeled coffee is distributed in the Swedish market, using information on production costs and scanner data on almost all roasted and ground coffee products sold by retailers. A key finding is that roasters and retailers get 61–70%, while producer countries, in this paper comprising coffee farmers, cooperatives, middlemen, exporters, and Fairtrade International, get 24–31%; Fairtrade Sweden gets 6–8%. These values are the upper and lower bounds that reflect assumptions made about the additional costs of producing roasted and ground Fairtrade coffee, given the cost of beans and the Fairtrade license. The Fairtrade label thus seems to create a coffee product that roasters and retailers can use to exploit their market power.
|
|
