| 51. |
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| 52. |
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| 53. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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University invention and the abolishment of the professor's privilege in Finland
- 2018
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 47:4, s. 814-825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2007 Finland changed ownership rights to inventions from its employees - "the professor's privilege" - to universities. We investigate how this change affected academic patenting using new data on inventors and patenting in Finland for the period 1995-2010. Matched sample panel data regressions using difference-in-differences show that patenting by individuals dropped by at least 29 percent after 2007. Unlike other countries studied, in Finland the reform was known before implementation. Adding the period after announcement to the reform period increases the drop in academic patenting to 46 percent. Our and others' results call into question whether the European reform of the professor's privilege were good innovation policy.
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| 54. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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What is the causal effect of R&D on patenting activity in a “professor’s privilege” country? Evidence from Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 47, s. 677-694
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the responsiveness of academic patenting to research and development (R&D) at the subject level at Swedish universities in panel data regressions. The general responsiveness to R&D is found to be higher than corresponding estimates in US studies, especially when we adopt instrumental variable techniques that address endogeneity in the R&D-to-patent relationship studied. We also find that this responsiveness is not associated with a lower quality of patents measured in terms of citations. A higher responsiveness from R&D to patenting is found in the fields of chemical engineering, chemistry (science), electrical engineering, electronics, and photonics, information technology, medicine, and microbiology than in other patenting fields. Our main result, that academia in Sweden contributes well to inventive activity, supports the view that the professor’s privilege—that university researchers themselves have ownership to their inventions—may be a contributing factor.
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| 55. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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When colleges graduate : Micro-level effects on publications and scientific organization
- 2024
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - 0048-7333. ; 53:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the change in status of three Swedish colleges to universities in 1999. This change greatly expanded the inflow of resources in the form of basic funding to the new universities. Using detailed individual data, we follow the careers of staff employed before 1999 at the treated institutions, examining their scientific performance, promotion, affiliation, and coauthorship behavior after the transition to university and comparing them to that of matched sample researchers at control colleges in a difference-in-differences analysis. We find an 89 percent increase in publication by publishing academics, an effect driven by increased funding. But we do not find an increased likelihood of publishing. Publication activity is concentrated among men, those working in technical sciences, and those holding research positions. The change to a university also led to a shift toward research-enhancing practices and organizations, manifested in coauthorship patterns, affiliations, and workforce composition. These changes altogether, enabled the new universities to begin converging in terms of research productivity to the level of established universities. Our results indicate that additional resources to institutions that historically received insufficient investment unlocked the research potential of aspiring researchers.
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| 56. |
- Fassio, Claudio, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of immigration on economic growth – a literature study
- 2018
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Ingår i: PM. ; :2018:07
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Immigration has positive effects on productivity and economic growth. However, highly educated immigrants tend to contribute more to these effects. The literature suggests that immigrants boost Sweden’s performance in international trade but that Sweden may lose out on some of the positive effects of immigration on innovation. In order for Sweden to remain attractive to foreign experts it might be necessary to reassess the Swedish tax relief for this group.
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| 57. |
- Gråsjö, Urban, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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The Effects of R&D on Regional Invention and Innovation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Uddevalla Symposium 2008: Spatial Dispersed Production and Network Governance. - Trollhättan : University West. ; , s. 263-282
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the effects of regional R&D on patenting for Sweden within an accessibility framework. We use two measures of patenting: number of patents granted per capita and a composite of quality-adjusted patents which we regard as an innovation indicator, respectively. Three conclusions emerge. First, we find that the specification where innovations per capita is used as a dependent variable performs much better than with granted patents per capita for capturing relationships with regional R&D. In fact, quantile regressions over the distribution of different patenting and innovation levels per capita show that R&D efforts within regions affect innovations per capita positively, except for the regions with the lowest levels of R&D. The effetcs on granted patents per capita are less robust and depend inconsistently on the level of R&D. Secondly, accessibility to inter-regional R&D do not affect innovation significantly in our results, which suggests that effects are locally bounded. This implies that studies of the R&D-innovation relationship are plagued by misspecification, since studies tend to show that R&D-effects diffuse to other regions. This is also the case in our study: the inter-regional effects are an important factor for granted patents. Third, the share of university R&D of all regional R&D has no effect on patenting, which suggests that the two types of R&D are substitutes. In view of these results the redommendation must be to use quality-adjusted patents for regional innovation studies rather than patent grants.
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| 58. |
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| 59. |
- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(författare)
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Process Innovations in a Duopoly with Two regions
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most models of duopolies with a spatial dimension refer to the ’linear’ or ’circular’ city. Moreover, in duopoly models with innovations, the spatial dimension is usually dropped. We bridge this gap by constructing a model with two regions, each hosting production of a differentiated quality (high and low quality). In addition, consumers are heterogenous with different willingness to pay for quality. The analysis focuses on the incentives for process innovations, which affect the unit cost of production. The model captures two common trends in the urbanization process, and their effects on the incentive for process innovations. The first is regional enlargement or reduced transport costs. We find that such changes raise the proportion of process R&D in the region producing the low-quality good relative to process R&D from the high-quality region. Second, we examine the effect on optimal process R&D of moving consumers from the low-quality to the high-quality region. This lowers the optimal amount of process R&D undertaken in the low-quality region, while it is raised in the high-quality region.
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| 60. |
- Jung, Taehyun, et al.
(författare)
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Demographic patterns and trends in patenting: Gender, age, and education of inventors
- 2014
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Ingår i: Technological Forecasting & Social Change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1625. ; 86, s. 110-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using population-wide data on inventors and their demographic characteristics, the paper analyzes trends and patterns by technologies in age, the level of education, and gender gap. We find that the education level of inventors has risen over time. We also find that the gender gap is closing but at slower pace than in other comparable areas of society. Much to our surprise, the average age of inventors has been falling in all areas, despite rising levels of education. To explain the latter finding, we suggest three mechanisms as alternatives to the burden of knowledge argument: 1) the burden of dynamic knowledge renewal, 2) new technological opportunities, and 3) a generally increased propensity to patent. We discuss policy and managerial implications of our findings. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
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