| 51. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Critical points in current theory of conformist social learning
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Psychology. - 0737-4828. ; 5:1, s. 67-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing mathematical models suggest that gene-culture coevolution favours a conformist bias in social learning, that is, a psychological mechanism to preferentially acquire the most common cultural variants. Here we show that this conclusion relies on specific assumptions that seem unrealistic, such as that all cultural variants are known to every individual. We present two models that remove these assumptions, showing that: 1) the rate of cultural evolution and the adaptive value of culture are higher in a population in which individuals pick cultural variants at random ( Random strategy) rather than picking the most common one ( Conform strategy); 2) in genetic evolution the Random strategy out-competes the Conform strategy, unless cultural evolution is very slow, in which caseConform and Random usually coexist; 3) the individuals’ ability to evaluate cultural variants is a more important determinant of the adaptive value of culture than frequency-based choice strategies. We also review existing empirical literature and game-theoretic arguments for conformity, finding neither strong empirical evidence nor a strong theoretical expectation for a general conformist bias. Our own vignette study of social learning shows that people may indeed use different social learning strategies depending on context.
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| 52. |
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| 53. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
-
Cross-Cultural Differences in Emotional Selection on Transmission of Information
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Cognition and Culture. - : Brill. - 1567-7095 .- 1568-5373. ; 16:1-2, s. 122-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on cultural transmission among Americans has established a bias for transmitting stories that have disgusting elements (such as exposure to rats and maggots). Conceived of as a cultural evolutionary force, this phenomenon is one type of emotional selection. In a series of online studies with Americans and Indians we investigate whether there are cultural differences in emotional selection, such that the transmission process favours different kinds of content in different countries. The first study found a bias for disgusting content (rats and maggots) among Americans but not among Indians. Four subsequent studies focused on how country interacts with kind of emotional content (disgusting vs. happy surprises and good news) in reactions to transmission of stories or information. Whereas Indian participants, compared to Americans, tended to be less interested in, and excited by, transmission of stories and news involving common disgust-elicitors (like rats), the opposite pattern held for transmission of happy surprises and good news (e.g., the opening of a new public facility). We discuss various possible explanations and implications.
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| 54. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
-
Cultural Universals and Cultural Differences in Meta-Norms about Peer Punishment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Management and Organization Review. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1740-8776 .- 1740-8784. ; 13:4, s. 851-870
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Violators of cooperation norms may be informally punished by their peers. How such norm enforcement is judged by others can be regarded as a meta-norm (i.e., a second-order norm). We examined whether meta-norms about peer punishment vary across cultures by having students in eight countries judge animations in which an agent who over-harvested a common resource was punished either by a single peer or by the entire peer group. Whether the punishment was retributive or restorative varied between two studies, and findings were largely consistent across these two types of punishment. Across all countries, punishment was judged as more appropriate when implemented by the entire peer group than by an individual. Differences between countries were revealed in judgments of punishers vs. non-punishers. Specifically, appraisals of punishers were relatively negative in three Western countries and Japan, and more neutral in Pakistan, UAE, Russia, and China, consistent with the influence of individualism, power distance, and/or indulgence. Our studies constitute a first step in mapping how meta-norms vary around the globe, demonstrating both cultural universals and cultural differences.
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| 55. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural Variation in the Effectiveness of Feedback on Students' Mistakes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the many things teachers do is to give feedback on their students' work. Feedback pointing out mistakes may be a key to learning, but it may also backfire. We hypothesized that feedback based on students' mistakes may have more positive effects in cultures where teachers have greater authority over students, which we assume to be cultures that are high on power distance and religiosity. To test this hypothesis we analyzed data from 49 countries taking part in the 2015 wave of the TIMSS assessment, in which students in the 4th and 8th grades were asked whether their teachers in mathematics and science told them how to do better when they had made a mistake. For each country we could then estimate the association between the reported use of mistake-based feedback and student achievement. Consistent with our hypothesis, the estimated effect of mistake-based feedback was positive only in certain countries, and these countries tended to be high on power distance and religiosity. These results highlight the importance of cultural values in educational practice.
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| 56. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural variation in the SES-gender interaction in student achievement
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-1078. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionIs the socioeconomic gap in academic achievement larger among boys than girls? Several scholars have proposed such an interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and gender. Prior empirical studies have yielded mixed evidence, but they have been conducted almost exclusively in Western countries. Here we propose the hypothesis that the SES-gender interaction is stronger in less gender-equal societies.MethodsWe estimated the SES-gender interaction in 36 countries using data from two international large-scale assessments (PIRLS and TIMSS). The degree of gender equality was measured by the Global Gender Gap Index.ResultsConsistent with the hypothesis, the SES-gender interaction was stronger in societies with less gender equality.DiscussionOur findings suggest that cultural factors determine how the socioeconomic achievement gap differs between boys and girls.
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| 57. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Deception and price in a market with asymmetric information
- 2007
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Ingår i: Judgment and Decision Making. - 1930-2975. ; 2:1, s. 23-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- In markets with asymmetric information, only sellers have knowledge about the quality of goods. Sellers may of course make a declaration of the quality, but unless there are sanctions imposed on false declarations or reputations are at stake, such declarations are tantamount to cheap talk. Nonetheless, in an experimental study we find that most people make honest declarations, which is in line with recent findings that lies damaging another party are costly in terms of the liar’s utility. Moreover, we find in this experimental market that deceptive sellers offer lower prices than honest sellers, which could possibly be explained by the same wish to limit the damage to the other party. However, when the recipient of the offer is a social tie we find no evidence for lower prices of deceptive offers, which seems to indicate that the rationale for the lower price in deceptive offers to strangers is in fact profit-seeking (by making the deal more attractive) rather than moral.
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| 58. |
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| 59. |
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| 60. |
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