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| 15. |
- Ahlbom, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Forskning om elöverkänslighet och andra effekter av elektromagnetiska fält; Åttonde årsrapporten
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Årets rapport diskuterar några forskningsområden där resultaten är av stor betydelse och som kan förväntas tilldra sig stor uppmärksamhet. Det första avser möjligheterna att skatta exponering och den relativa betydelsen av olika exponeringskällor. Viktigt arbete har där gjorts inom det Schweiziska nationella forskningsprogrammet. Vi har inkluderat en figur som på ett enkelt sätt sammanfattar viktiga och relevanta resultat avseende exponering i den allmänna miljön. Det framgår att basstationer, egen mobiltelefonanvändning och trådlösa hemtelefoner är de viktigaste källorna till exponering (om man bortser från lokal exponering till huvudet under samtal). Nästa område avser sömn och EEG-undersökningar. Det har där visat sig i ett antal undersökningar att elektromagnetiska fält tycks ha effekt på EEG under sömn. Effekterna är måttliga och kan storleksmässigt jämföras med vad som kan erhållas till exempel vid kaffe- eller alkoholintag. De tycks inte vara kopplade till subjektiv sömnkvalitet. Hur dessa effekter uppstår och vad de kan tänkas ha för betydelse är okänt. Men det är klart att det är angeläget att forskningen inom detta område fortsätter så att vi kan få denna effekt bekräftad om den är reell och ytterligare belyst och förstådd. Vi har också beskrivit en del ytterligare epidemiologisk forskning och framför allt slutrapporten från den så kallade Interphone-studien. Det har funnits förhoppningar om att denna studie skulle kunna ge definitivt besked i frågan om mobiltelefonanvändning och hjärntumörrisk. Men det stod redan efter publiceringen av de nationella rapporterna klart att så knappast skulle bli fallet. Rapporten har gett upphov till omfattande metodologiska diskussioner, vilka också varit orsaken till rapportens stora försening. Vår bedömning är att denna rapport inte ändrar våra tidigare bedömningar av risken för hjärntumör vid mobiltelefonanvändning, baserade bland annat på vad som framkommit i de nationella rapporterna. Däremot har denna rapport och andra rapporter från Interphone bidragit med viktiga metodologiska insikter. Vi diskuterar några ytterligare epidemiologiska undersökningar men inte heller de ändrar någonting i våra bedömningar. Slutligen presenterar vi nya riktlinjer för exponering från ”kraftfrekventa elektromagnetiska fält” från ICNIRP. De är baserade på en uppdaterad kunskapsgenomgång och på omfattande principdiskussioner. Bland annat har man nu bedömt att också fotofosfener (ljusblixtar) ska ingå bland kritiska effekter vilket i viss mån har påverkat gränsvärdena numeriskt. Detta har dock ingen praktisk betydelse för allmänhetens exponering därför att nivåerna ändå ligger flera storleksordningar över vad allmänheten normalt exponeras för. Det finns dock arbetsmiljöer där detta kan ha betydelse. En viktiga händelse under 2011 som redan nu kan förutses är att IARC (WHOs cancerforskningsinstitut) i maj ska ha ett så kallat monografimöte och ta ställning till hur sannolikt det är att radiofrekventa elektromagnetiska fält är cancerframkallande.
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| 16. |
- Ahlbom, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Occupational magnetic field exposure and myocardial infarction incidence.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Epidemiology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 15:4, s. 403-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Studies on healthy volunteers have seen reduced heart rate variability after exposure to extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Because reduced heart rate variability has been linked to cardiovascular disease risk, it has been hypothesized that exposure to EMF might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. One epidemiologic study has shown increased mortality from cardiovascular conditions in utility workers with elevated exposure to magnetic fields, but several other epidemiologic studies have failed to confirm this result. We tested the hypothesis that occupational EMF exposure increases the risk of myocardial infarction in a large population-based case-control study of myocardial infarction, with detailed information on potential confounders. METHODS: We used data from the SHEEP study, which is a population-based case-control study of acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm. Occupational EMF exposure was based on job titles 1, 5, and 10 years before diagnosis. We used 2 approaches to classify exposure: first, specific individual job titles with presumed elevated EMF exposure, and second, classification of subjects according to a job-exposure matrix. RESULTS: We found no increased risk of myocardial infarction in subjects classified as having elevated EMF exposure. For the highest exposure category of > or = 0.3 microT according to the job-exposure matrix, the adjusted relative risk was = 0.57 (95% confidence interval = 0.36-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that occupational EMF exposure increases the risk of myocardial infarction.
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| 17. |
- Ahlbom, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and risk of disease and ill health - Research during the last ten years
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The focus of this report is electromagnetic fields of the type that occur in connection with mobile telephony, so called radio frequency (RF) fields and the possibility that exposure to such fields poses a risk of disease or ill health. The purpose is to describe what was known ten years ago, what we have learned during the past decade, and where we stand today. TEN YEARS AGOThe mechanism of interaction between RF fields and the human body was established long ago and is increased temperature of exposed tissue (compare microwave ovens). Methods for measurements of the fields in the air were developed early but the data on distribution of the absorbed energy in the human body was still restricted. Data regarding sources and levels of exposure to the population was limited because systematic measurements had not been conducted. A considerable number of provocation studies on exposure to fields of lower frequencies (related to electric power and computer screens) had already been conducted and had not found any evidence of an association to symptoms (headache, vertigo, dizziness, concentration difficulties, insomnia) but the corresponding information about RF fields and occurrence of symptoms was scarce. Few and methodologically limited epidemiological studies had been conducted on RF field exposure and cancer.WHAT WAS LEARNED DURING THE PAST TEN YEARSExtensive research on various aspects of RF fields has been conducted during the last ten years and the knowledge database has increased considerably. Simulation models have improved our knowledge about how the fields and the energy are distributed in the body. Mobile, so called, exposimeters have been developed for use in epidemiological studies. Many more measurements have been conducted to increase our knowledge about sources and level of exposure to the population. More than 15 provocation studies (single or double blind) have been conducted on symptoms attributed to exposure to RF fields. These studies have not been able to demonstrate that people experience symptoms or sensations more often when the fields are turned on than when they are turned off. One longitudinal study has looked at frequency of symptoms in relation to environmental exposure and this study found no association between exposure and symptoms. A considerable number of studies on cancer, and in particular brain tumor, were presented. As a consequence there exist now very useful data including methodological results that can be used in the interpretation of this research. With a small number of exceptions the available results are all negative and taken together with new methodological understandings the overall interpretation is that these do not provide support for an association between mobile telephony and brain tumor risk. In addition, national cancer statistics are very useful sources of information because mobile phone usage has increased so quickly. Had mobile phone use and brain cancer risk been associated it would have been visible as an increasing trend in national cancer statistics. But brain cancer rates are not increasing. WHERE WE STAND TODAYWe now know much more about measurements and absorption of RF fields and also about sources of exposure to the population and levels of exposure. A considerable number of provocation studies on RF exposure and symptoms have been unable to show any association. Overall, the data on brain tumor and mobile telephony do not support an effect of mobile phone use on tumor risk, in particular when taken together with national cancer trend statistics throughout the world. Research on mobile telephony and health started without a biologically or epidemiologically based hypothesis about possible health risks. Instead the inducement was an unspecific concern related to a new and rapidly spreading technology. Extensive research for more than a decade has not detected anything new regarding interaction mechanisms between radiofrequency fields and the human body and has found no evidence for health risks below current exposure guidelines. While absolute certainty can never be achieved, nothing has appeared to suggest that the since long established interaction mechanism of heating would not suffice as basis for health protection.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Andel, Ross, et al.
(författare)
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Work-related exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and dementia: results from the population-based study of dementia in Swedish twins.
- 2010
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Ingår i: The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1758-535X .- 1079-5006. ; 65:11, s. 1220-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: We examined the association between extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (EMF) and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease using all 9,508 individuals from the Study of Dementia in Swedish Twins (HARMONY) with valid occupational and diagnostic data. METHODS: Dementia diagnoses were based on telephone screening followed by in-person clinical workup. Main lifetime occupation was coded according to an established EMF exposure matrix. Covariates were age, gender, education, vascular risk factors, and complexity of work. Based on previous research, data were also analyzed separately for cases with disease onset by age 75 years versus later, men versus women, and those with manual versus nonmanual main occupation. We used generalized estimating equations with the entire sample (to adjust for the inclusion of complete twin pairs) and conditional logistic regression with complete twin pairs only. RESULTS: Level of EMF exposure was not significantly associated with dementia or Alzheimer's disease. However, in stratified analyses, medium and high levels of EMF exposure were associated with increased dementia risk compared with low level in cases with onset by age 75 years (odds ratio: 1.94, 95% confidence interval: 1.07-3.65 for medium, odds ratio: 2.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-3.65 for high) and in participants with manual occupations (odds ratio: 1.81, 95% confidence interval: 1.06-3.09 for medium, odds ratio: 1.75, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-3.05 for high). Results with 42 twin pairs discordant for dementia did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational EMF exposure appears relevant primarily to dementia with an earlier onset and among former manual workers.
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| 20. |
- Andersson, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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A comprehensive study of the association between the EGFR and ERBB2 genes and glioma risk
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta Oncologica. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0284-186X .- 1651-226X. ; 12, s. 17-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glioma is the most common type of adult brain tumor and glioblastoma, its most aggressive form, has a dismal prognosis. Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4) family, and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), play a central role in tumor progression. We investigated the genetic variants of EGFR, ERBB2, VEGFR and their ligands, EGF and VEGF on glioma and glioblastoma risk. In addition, we evaluated the association of genetic variants of a newly discovered family of genes known to interact with EGFR: LRIG2 and LRIG3 with glioma and glioblastoma risk. Methods. We analyzed 191 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) capturing all common genetic variation of EGF, EGFR, ERBB2, LRIG2, LRIG3, VEGF and VEGFR2 genes. Material from four case-control studies with 725 glioma patients (329 of who were glioblastoma patients) and their 1 610 controls was used. Haplotype analyses were conducted using SAS/Genetics software. Results. Fourteen of the SNPs were significantly associated with glioma risk at p< 0.05, and 17 of the SNPs were significantly associated with glioblastoma risk at p< 0.05. In addition, we found that one EGFR haplotype was related to increased glioblastoma risk at p=0.009, Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.67 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 2.45). The Bonferroni correction made all p-values non-significant. One SNP, rs4947986 next to the intron/exon boundary of exon 7 in EGFR, was validated in an independent data set of 713 glioblastoma and 2 236 controls, [OR] = 1.42 (95% CI: 1.06,1.91). Discussion. Previous studies show that regulation of the EGFR pathway plays a role in glioma progression but the present study is the first to find that certain genotypes of the EGFR gene may be related to glioblastoma risk. Further studies are required to reinvestigate these findings and evaluate the functional significance.
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