| 31. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
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The causality of borrowing : Lexical loans in Eurasian languages
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All languages borrow words from other languages. Some languages are more prone to borrowing, while others borrow less, and different domains of the vocabulary are unequally susceptible to borrowing. Languages typically borrow words when a new concept is introduced, but languages may also borrow a new word for an already existing concept. Linguists describe two causalities for borrowing: need, i.e., the internal pressure of borrowing a new term for a concept in the language, and prestige, i.e., the external pressure of borrowing a term from a more prestigious language. We investigate lexical loans in a dataset of 104 concepts in 115 Eurasian languages from 7 families occupying a coherent contact area of the Eurasian landmass, of which Indo-European languages from various periods constitute a majority. We use a cognacy-coded dataset, which identifies loan events including a source and a target language. To avoid loans for newly introduced concepts in languages, we use a list of lexical concepts that have been in use at least since the Chalcolithic (4000–3000 BCE). We observe that the rates of borrowing are highly variable among concepts, lexical domains, languages, language families, and time periods. We compare our results to those of a global sample and observe that our rates are generally lower, but that the rates between the samples are significantly correlated. To test the causality of borrowing, we use two different ranks. Firstly, to test need, we use a cultural ranking of concepts by their mobility (of nature items) or their labour intensity and “distance-from-hearth” (of culture items). Secondly, to test prestige, we use a power ranking of languages by their socio-cultural status. We conclude that the borrowability of concepts increases with increasing mobility (nature), and with increased labour intensity and “distance-from-hearth” (culture). We also conclude that language prestige is not correlated with borrowability in general (all languages borrow, independently of prestige), but prestige predicts the directionality of borrowing, from a more prestigious language to a less prestigious one. The process is not constant over time, with a larger inequality during the ancient and modern periods, but this result may depend on the status of the data (non-prestigious languages often remain unattested). In conclusion, we observe that need and prestige compete as causes of lexical borrowing.
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| 32. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
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The evolution of lexical semantics dynamics, directionality, and drift
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Communication. - 2297-900X. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The directionality of semantic change is problematic in traditional comparative models of language reconstruction. Compared to, e.g., phonological and morphological change, the directions of meaning change over time are potentially endless and difficult to reconstruct. The current paper attempts to reconstruct the mechanisms of lexical meaning change by a quantitative model. We use a data set of 104 core concepts in 160 Eurasian languages from several families, which are coded for colexification as well as cognacy, including semantic change of lexemes in etymologies. In addition, the various meanings are coded for semantic relation to the core concept, including relations such as metaphor, metonymy, generalization, specialization, holonymy, and meronymy. Further, concepts are coded into classes and semantic properties, including factors such as animacy, count/mass, concrete/abstract, or cultural connotations, such as taboo/non-taboo.Methodology: We use a phylogenetic comparative model to reconstruct the probability of presence at hidden nodes of different colexifying meanings inside etymological trees. We find that these reconstructions come close to meaning reconstructions based on the comparative method. By means of the phylogenetic reconstructions, we measure the evolutionary dynamics of meaning loss of co-lexifying meanings as well as concepts.Results and discussion: These change rates are highly varying, from almost complete stability to complete unstability. Change rates vary between different semantic classes, where for instance wild animals have low change rates and domestic animals and implements have high change rates. We find a negative correlation between taboo animals and change rate, i.e., taboo animals have lower change rates than non-taboo words. Further, we find a negative correlation between animacy and change rate, indicating that animate nouns have lower change rate than inanimate nouns. A further result is a negative correlation between change rate and degree of borrowing (borrowability) of concepts, indicating that lexemes that are more likely to be borrowed are less likely to change semantically. Among semantic relations, we find that metonomy is more frequent than any other change, including metaphor, and that a change from general to more specific is in all cases more frequent than the other way round.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Dellert, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Preferred sound groups of vocal iconicity reflect evolutionary mechanisms of sound stability and first language acquisition : evidence from Eurasia
- 2021
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 1471-2970 .- 0962-8436. ; 376:1824
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In speech, the connection between sounds and word meanings is mostly arbitrary. However, among basic concepts of the vocabulary, several words can be shown to exhibit some degree of form–meaning resemblance, a feature labelled vocal iconicity. Vocal iconicity plays a role in first language acquisition and was likely prominent also in pre-historic language. However, an unsolved question is how vocal iconicity survives sound evolution, which is assumed to be inevitable and ‘blind’ to the meaning of words. We analyse the evolution of sound groups on 1016 basic vocabulary concepts in 107 Eurasian languages, building on automated homologue clustering and sound sequence alignment to infer relative stability of sound groups over time. We correlate this result with the occurrence of sound groups in iconic vocabulary, measured on a cross-linguistic dataset of 344 concepts across single-language samples from 245 families. We find that the sound stability of the Eurasian set correlates with iconic occurrence in the global set. Further, we find that sound stability and iconic occurrence of consonants are connected to acquisition order in the first language, indicating that children acquiring language play a role in maintaining vocal iconicity over time.
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| 35. |
- Drake, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Diffusion-Weighted Imaging, MR Angiography, and Baseline Data in a Systematic Multicenter Analysis of 3,301 MRI Scans of Ischemic Stroke Patients-Neuroradiological Review Within the MRI-GENIE Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neurology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-2295. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as a cornerstone in defining stroke phenotype and etiological subtype through examination of ischemic stroke lesion appearance and is therefore an essential tool in linking genetic traits and stroke. Building on baseline MRI examinations from the centralized and structured radiological assessments of ischemic stroke patients in the Stroke Genetics Network, the results of the MRI-Genetics Interface Exploration (MRI-GENIE) study are described in this work. Methods:The MRI-GENIE study included patients with symptoms caused by ischemic stroke (N= 3,301) from 12 international centers. We established and used a structured reporting protocol for all assessments. Two neuroradiologists, using a blinded evaluation protocol, independently reviewed the baseline diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) and magnetic resonance angiography images to determine acute lesion and vascular occlusion characteristics. Results:In this systematic multicenter radiological analysis of clinical MRI from 3,301 acute ischemic stroke patients according to a structured prespecified protocol, we identified that anterior circulation infarcts were most prevalent (67.4%), that infarcts in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory were the most common, and that the majority of large artery occlusions 0 to 48 h from ictus were in the MCA territory. Multiple acute lesions in one or several vascular territories were common (11%). Of 2,238 patients with unilateral DWI lesions, 52.6% had left-sided infarct lateralization (P= 0.013 for chi(2)test). Conclusions:This large-scale analysis of a multicenter MRI-based cohort of AIS patients presents a unique imaging framework facilitating the relationship between imaging and genetics for advancing the knowledge of genetic traits linked to ischemic stroke.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Engstrand, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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A perceptual bridge between coronal and dorsal /r
- 2007
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Ingår i: Experimental approaches to phonology. - : Oxford University Press, Oxford. - 9780199296675 ; , s. 175-191
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A possible perceptual basis for change between coronal and dorsal rhotics was examined. An approximant /r/ continuum was synthesized with F2 and F3 ranging from ‘velar’ to ‘alveolar’ values. Listener responses indicated that the observed region was articulatorily ambiguous. It may, thus, constitute a perceptual bridge between coronal and dorsal rhotics, i.e., a perceptual basis for potential sound change.
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| 38. |
- Frid, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Determining Direction‐of‐Arrival Accuracy for Installed Antennas by Postprocessing of Far‐Field Data
- 2019
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Ingår i: Radio Science. - 0048-6604 .- 1944-799X. ; 54:12, s. 1204-1221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Direction‐of‐arrival (DoA) estimation accuracy can be degraded due to installation effects, such as platform reflections, diffraction from metal edges, and reflections and refraction in the radome. To analyze these effects, this paper starts with a definition of the term installation error related to DoA estimation. Thereafter, we present a postprocessing method, which can be used to determine the DoA estimation accuracy for installed antennas. By computing synthetic signals from the installed far‐field data, it is possible to analyze the installation errors described above, in addition to analyzing array model errors. The method formulation is general, thus allowing generic array configurations, installation configurations, and direction‐finding algorithms to be studied. The use of the presented method is demonstrated by a case study of a wideband four‐quadrant array. In this case study, we investigate the installation errors due to a single‐shell radome. Thereafter, the effects of platform reflections are also analyzed, for an antenna placement in the tail of a fighter aircraft. Simulation results are presented for both the monopulse and the MUltiple SIgnal Classification direction‐finding algorithms.
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| 39. |
- Frid, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Critically ill neonates displayed stable vital parameters and reduced metabolic acidosis during neonatal emergency airborne transport in Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : WILEY. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 107:8, s. 1357-1361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: This study evaluated the medical quality of acute airborne transports carried out by a neonatal emergency transport service in a Swedish healthcare region from 2012 to 2015. Methods: The transport charts and patient records of all infants transported to the regional centre were reviewed for transport indications and vital parameters and outcomes. Results: We identified 187 acute airborne transports and the main indications for referral were therapeutic hypothermia after perinatal asphyxia, extremely preterm birth and respiratory failure. There were 37 deaths, but none of these occurred during transport and none of the deaths that occurred within 24 hours after transport were found to be related to the transport per se. No differences were found in vital parameters or ventilator settings before and after transport, except for an improvement in blood pH (7.22 +/- 0.13 versus 7.27 +/- 0.13, mean +/- SD, p < 0.01), due to a decrease in base deficit (-8.0 +/- 6.8 versus -5.4 +/- 6.3 mmol, p < 0.001), while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide remained unchanged. Conclusion: During air transport, critically ill neonates displayed stable vital parameters and reduced metabolic acidosis. No transport-related mortality was found, but the high number of extremely preterm infants transported indicates the potential for improving in-utero transport.
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| 40. |
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