| 41. |
- Chukwuorji, JohnBosco Chika, et al.
(författare)
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Nigerian Teachers’ Affective Profiles and Workplace Behavior
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Affective Profiles Model - 20 Years of Research and Beyond. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 245-267
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The teaching profession is considered as one of the most highly stressful professions. Indeed, teachers from many countries report high levels of stress and low levels of subjective well-being (e.g., low levels of positive affect and high levels of negative affect). In this context, a teachers’ affective profile might be an indication of their vulnerability for falling into counterproductive workplace behavior or their ability to let go of transgressions at work (i.e., forgiveness). Aim: We aimed to investigate the association between teachers’ affectivity (positive and negative affect) and workplace behavior. More specifically, we investigated if Nigerian teachers with different affective profiles use distinct strategies when influencing their superiors (Study 1) and if they differ in forgiveness at work and counterproductive workplace behavior (Study 2). Methods: In both studies, the teachers answered to the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule. In Study 1, 208 teachers from 8 secondary schools in the Nsukka urban area of Enugu state, Nigeria, answered to the Strategies of Upward Influence measure, which assesses three types of behaviors toward upward influence tactics at work: organizational beneficial, self-indulgent, and destructive behaviors. In Study 2, 319 rural public secondary school teachers from 8 schools under the Obollo-Afor Educational Zone of the Post-primary Schools Management Board (PPSMB) in Enugu state, Nigeria, answered to the Workplace Forgiveness Scale and the Counterproductive Work Behavior Checklist. We calculated the percentiles for participants’ positive and negative affect scores to categorize them as high and low in each affectivity dimension. By combining high/low positive affect and negative affect, we assigned each of the participants into one of the four affective profiles: self-fulfilling (high positive affect/low negative affect), high affective (high positive affect/high negative affect), low affective (low positive affect/low negative affect), and self-destructive (low positive affect/high negative affect). Besides common linear analyses, we also focused on matched comparisons or differences between profiles that are similar in one affective dimension and differ in the other. Results: In Study 1, we found that high negative affect was associated to individuals’ tendency to destructive behavior at the workplace only when positive affect was also high (t = 2.19, df = 108, p < 0.05; Cohen’s d = 0.41). In Study 2, we found that both positive affect and negative affect were moderately associated to forgiveness at work and counterproductive work behavior. For high positive affect, the strongest relationship to forgiveness at work (t = 2.93, df = 150, p < 0.01; Cohen’s d = 0.48) and counterproductive work behavior (t = −4.09, df = 150, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.66) was when negative affect was also high. For high negative affect, the strongest relationship to forgiveness at work (t = −3.27, df = 150, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.53) and counterproductive work behavior (t = 5.18, df = 150, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.84) was when positive affect was low. Conclusions: High negative affect was associated to individuals’ tendency to, for example, spread rumors about someone to advance at work and other malevolent tendencies, only when positive affect was also high. On the other hand, independently of individuals’ experience of high or low levels of negative affect, high levels of positive affect led to greater forgiveness toward offenders at work and to less counterproductive behavior. Likewise, independently of individuals’ experience of high or low levels of positive affect, high levels of negative affect led to less forgiveness toward offenders at work and to more counterproductive behavior. Hence, subjective well-being interventions among teachers might help to create a better work climate for them, their colleagues, and their students.
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| 42. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study using Mind-Body Interventions among Refugees in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Person Centered Medicine. - : University of Buckingham Press. - 2043-7730 .- 2043-7749. ; 9:3, s. 19-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Migration is one of the major challenges of the 21st century with many refugees being victims of torture and experiencing war and the collapse of their society. Sweden, for example, received about 169,520 refugees during 2015 and 20–30% of them were estimated to suffer from mental illness. Nevertheless, research shows that about 66.40% of refugees never reveal their traumatic experiences to a doctor and a majority refuse psychiatric help. Hence, we need innovative methods to promote the physical, mental, and social health of refugees. Objective: We examined the effects of Anthropedia’s Well-Being Coaching (i.e., a biopsychosocial approach to coaching) and Well-Being Spa (i.e., modern version of age-old Spa interventions) on the personality and health of a sample of refugees living in Sweden. Methodology: Participants were recruited as part of a health and employment project in Blekinge, Sweden. A total of 70 Syrian refugees were randomly assigned to a six-month intervention comprising either Well-Being Coaching, or Well-Being Spa, or both (i.e., Mind–Body). The participants reported personality (temperament and character), well-being (positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and harmony in life), and ill-being (defeat and entrapment, and anxiety and depression) at the beginning and at the end of the six-month intervention period. Results: Participants assigned to the Well-Being Coaching intervention showed increases in self-directedness (Cohen’s d = 0.84), cooperativeness (Cohen’s d = 0.36), positive affect (Cohen’s d = 0.43), and life satisfaction (Cohen’s d = 0.56), and decreases in both negative affect (Cohen’s d = 0.38) and defeat (Cohen’s d = 0.89). Participants assigned to the Well-Being Spa intervention showed decreases in harm avoidance (Cohen’s d = 0.55), reward dependence (Cohen’s d = 0.69), negative affect (Cohen’s d = 0.82), anxiety (Cohen’s d = 0.53), defeat (Cohen’s d = 0.34), and external entrapment (Cohen’s d = 0.42). Participants assigned to the Mind–Body intervention showed significant decreases in harm avoidance (Cohen’s d = 0.47), anxiety (Cohen’s d = 0.61), depression (Cohen’s d = 0.34), defeat (Cohen’s d = 0.56), external entrapment (Cohen’s d = 0.44), and internal entrapment (Cohen’s d = 0.79) and increases in persistence (Cohen’s d = 0.27), self-directedness (Cohen’s d = 0.28), cooperativeness (Cohen’s d = 0.43), self-transcendence (Cohen’s d = 0.51), positive affect (Cohen’s d = 0.42), and harmony in life (Cohen’s d = 0.36). Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that Well-Being Coaching strengthens refugees’ character, while the Well-Being Spa treatments reduced participants’ tendency to worry and anxiety. Finally, the combination of these two interventions seems to promote the development of health-related traits, reduce ill-health, and stress, and increase well-being in a wider biopsychosocial perspective.
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| 43. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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Anthropedia’s Biopsychosocial Approach to Health and Well-Being Coaching
- 2019
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Ingår i: 12th Geneva Conference on Person Centered Medicine - Promoting Well-Being and Overcoming Burn-Out. Geneve, Switzerland.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The level of stress in modern times is increasing the rates of lifestyle and stress-related illness in all populations, including health care professionals who have the double burden on their personal problems and those of their patients to manage (C.R. Cloninger, 2004; Cloninger et al., 2010). Today there is great need for complementary approaches to assist mental health care professionals in addressing the health and well-being of an increasingly stressed population. This talk will explore Anthropedia’s biopsychosocial model of health and well-being coaching and its application in public health endeavors. Specifically, we will discuss studies we’ve conducted in the US and Sweden that demonstrate the impact of our coaching on character development, resilience, and well-being in training and program participants. Health care professionals participating in our trainings have been shown to show significant increases in character development as measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory, as well as general increases in subjective well-being as measured by various scales. We’ll also describe research conducted in conjunction with the Blekinge Center of Competence at Region Blekinge in Sweden. These studies examined a number of programs funded by the European Social Fund, FINSAM, and Region Blekinge to serve long-term unemployed individuals, nurses, and youth with Anthropedia’s well-being coaching methodology. Similar to participants in Anthropedia’s training programs, program participants show significant increases in subjective well-being and character development including self-acceptance, empathy, moral reasoning, and self-transcendence. We will discuss implications for public health practices worldwide.
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| 44. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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Burn-Out in Education
- 2019
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Ingår i: 12th Geneva Conference on Person Centered Medicine - Promoting Well-Being and Overcoming Burn-Out. Geneve, Switzerland..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- All the helping professions are seeing a rise in stress levels, and consequently burnout and depression; teaching is no exception. There has been considerable debate about how to quantify rates of burnout and the resulting teacher attrition. Burnout rates are mediated by social and personal factors, and so rates of burnout vary by country (Farber, 1991). For example, studies conducted in the United States have shown that 15 to 30% of beginning teachers leave the profession within the first five years (Murnane et al., 1988). Huston (2001) and others have looked at factors that mediate burnout in teachers. They identified factors that work together to induce burnout, such as a feeling of powerlessness (lack of decision-making power), role conflicts, a lack of freedom and autonomy, and the lack of adequate support. They estimate that more than 50% of teacher’s experience burnout. In this talk, I will explore how the organizing principles of modern education are participating in burnout rates. Particularly, the emphasis on participation in the global economy has undermined the schools’ role in helping children learn about living a good life. The pursuit of the “good life” has been replaced by the pursuit of a “good job.” This vain pursuit devalues the profession and those who practice it, and ultimately erodes the meaning of the work that most would consider a vocation. The authoritarian structures of modern school practice lead to an increase in violence and bullying, reduce job satisfaction, and ultimately undermine teacher autonomy and agency.
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| 45. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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Cloninger, C. Robert
- 2019
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Ingår i: V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. - : Springer. - 9783319246109
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Claude Robert Cloninger (born April 4, 1944) is an American psychiatrist and geneticist noted for his research on the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual foundation of both mental health and mental illness. He holds the Wallace Renard Professorship of Psychiatry, is professor of psychology and genetics, and serves as director of the Sansone Family Center for Well-Being at Washington University in St. Louis. Cloninger is a member of the evolutionary, neuroscience, and statistical genetics programs of the Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences at Washington University, and is recognized as an expert clinician in the treatment of general psychopathology, substance dependence, and personality disorders. He is also an adjunct professor at the Blekinge Center of Competence, the research and development unit in the county of Blekinge, Sweden. In his most recent research Cloninger and his research team have succeeded in identifying nearly all the genes for human personality (Zwir et al., 2018ab). Since human personality is highly complex and the strongest predictor of our physical, mental, and social health overall as well as the actual cause of most mortality and chronic disease, these revolutionary findings might make it possible to understand the basic mechanisms that influence our emotions as well as the way we can self-regulate our feelings, goals, and values in order to live healthy and satisfying lives. This recent finding by Cloninger and his research team could provide a foundation for a systematic understanding of the complex molecular and brain processes that regulate human health and well-being.
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| 46. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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Increases in character development, resilience, and well-being among participants in Anthropedia's well-being coaching training
- 2018
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Ingår i: 30th APS Annual Convention. San Francisco, CA, USA: 24-27 May 2018.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study examined the impacts of the year-long, 270-hour, Anthropedia Well-Being Coaching Training on character development, health, and resilience. There was a significant increase in subjective well-being, and character development including self-acceptance, empathy, moral reasoning, and self-transcendence as a whole as measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).
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| 47. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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The Health Effects of Anthropedia’s Well-Being Coaching: A 6-Month Pilot Study Among Long-Term Unemployment Swedish Young Adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: 3rd Biennial International Convention of Psychological Science, Paris, France.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent years Sweden had an increased number of asylum seekers entering the country. Asylum seeking can affect the physical and mental health of individuals due to prolonged application processes and waiting times which can lead to inactivity. Physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors leading to noncommunicable diseases and overall mortality. The Public Health Report Blekinge 2014 states that groups with low socioeconomic status are less likely to be physically active in comparison with groups with a high socioeconomic status. Physical activity contributes to physical and mental well-being, and increases the possibilities for creating social networks as well as being part of the society. The project “Health for Everybody” (Hälsa för Alla) offers physical and cultural activities to approximately 300 refugees who have been granted asylum in the Blekinge region. The activities are conducted with the help of physical trainers, testing staff and community workers. In its current format each group of 20 to 30 refugees is offered training once a week for a 10-week period. The participants’ physical and psychological health and lifestyle habits are measured before and after the program through bioimpedance, physical conditioning tests and self-reports of psychological aspects related to health and lifestyle. We examined the health effects of cultural activities and Well-Being Coaching among long-term unemployed Swedish young adults. While individuals receiving cultural activities only showed a slight decrease in anxiety, those receiving Well-Being Coaching showed significant increases in subjective well-being and decreases in depression, anxiety, and sense of defeat and entrapment.
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| 48. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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The Prevalence of Personality (Temperament and Character) Profiles among Swedish Newly Graduated Nurses
- 2020
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Ingår i: 32nd Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Personal vulnerability (i.e., specific personality profiles) is a major factor for burnout among helping professionals. Compared to the general population, 80% of Swedish newly graduated nurses reported high Reward Dependence (i.e., being sentimental, warm, attached, and dependent) and 95% reported low Self-Directedness (i.e., being blaming, aimless, helpless, defensive, and unfulfilled).
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| 49. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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Well-Being Coaching Training: Character, Resilience and Well-Being
- 2018
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Ingår i: 9th European Conference on Positive Psychology. Budapest, Hungary.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The level of stress in the 21st century is increasing the risk for lifestyle and stress-related illness in all populations, including health care professionals who have the double burden of their personal problems and those of their patients. Between 2009 and 2014, psychiatric diagnoses, including burnout, have doubled in health care populations like nurses, doctors, and psychotherapists [1]. In order to help others, health care professionals have the need of a variety of tools and approaches to work on their own resilience, health, and well-being. The Anthropedia Foundation in collaboration with the Center for Well-Being at Washington University in St. Louis developed a specialized training that is person-centered, interdisciplinary, and biopsychosocial in orientation. This training can be integrated into existing professions or used independently. The training program has been designed to increase three character dimensions (self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) that have been shown to lead to increases in physical and mental health, resilience, and overall well-being [2-4]. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether well-being training was effective in increasing character scores in the training participants. Method: 50 trainees were given the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Temperament and Character Inventory before and after the one-year training. Paired t-tests were performed to examine significant differences. Results: Analyses showed significant differences in the Temperament and Character Inventory subscales of self-acceptance (t = 2.2, df = 49, p < .05, Cohen’s D = 0.77), empathy (t = 2.6, df = 49, p < .05, Cohen’s D = 0.90), moral reasoning (t = 3.17, df = 49, p < .01, Cohen’s D = 1.11), and the scale of self-transcendence (t = 2.98, df = 49, p < .01, Cohen’s D = 1.04). There was a marginal increase in positive emotions (t = 1.18, df = 49, p < .05) and life satisfaction (t = 1.57, df = 49, p < .05), and a marginal decrease in negative emotions (t = 1.26, df = 49, p < .05). Conclusions: Results suggest that the training methodology increased subjective well-being, as well as self-directedness (self-acceptance), cooperativeness (empathy and moral reasoning), and self-transcendence. Cross-cultural studies on these character dimensions have demonstrated strong relationships between increases in character development and perceived social support, perceived health, and resilience [2-4]. In other words, the well-being coaching training increases sustainable global health, resilience and psychological well-being, and not simply hedonic well-being. The coaching is more intensive since it is one-on-one, thus we expect the effect on subjective well-being and character to be even greater for coachees.
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| 50. |
- Drejing, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Time Focused Incitements: Re-examining Previous Findings with Ecologically Valid Data
- 2016
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Ingår i: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, Copenhagen, Denmark..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Many theories try to explain our perceptions and evaluations of life events in different temporal dimensions. Previous experiments have discovered a temporal asymmetry that suggests that the valence of imagined future events is more intense than if the same event was imagined to occur in the past. However, most research has focused on fictitious events that may be influenced by selection biases from researchers conducting the experiments. Our aim is to investigate if these previous findings are replicable using a large corpus with news articles from Reuters. This dataset presents a type of communication of events that is part of most of peoples’ lives, thus, allowing an ecological validation of past findings. Method: We used 10,000 articles from about one thousand journalists who wrote news stories during 1997. As time markers we selected 10 solid verb conjugations (past and present tense) and 2 auxiliary verbs (future tense), and secondly 5 specific years: 1995-1996 (past), 1997 (present), and 1998-1999 (future). The valence of contexts in the articles was extrapolated by sentiment analysis. Results: Verbs as the time markers generated 20,225 contexts, while years generated 16,396 contexts. An ANOVA found an effect of verb groups (past tense, present tense and future tense) on the contexts’ valence (F = 828.51, df = 2; 20219, p < 0.001). A two-tailed independent sample t-test found a significant difference between past and present (t(9225) = -11.91, p < 0.001) and between present and future (t(14004) = -17.86, p < 0.001). An ANOVA reveled an effect of year groups (1995-1996, 1997, and 1998-1999) on valence (F = 114.22, df = 5; 16390, p < .001). A LSD post-hoc test showed that valence was higher (p < .001) for the 1999-contexts (future) compared to contexts in all the other year groups. Conclusion: Despite of the fact that the data we used here contained a mixture of positive and negative events, our results indicate that future valence > present > past. We argue that these results need to be seen in the light of recent findings using computer simulations, which suggest that individuals who communicate self-beneficial evaluative statements are more likely to survive than individuals not doing so. In addition, humans strive to create legacies for the benefit of future generations. Thus, in real life positive evaluative statements about the future are an incitement to change and to strive forward rather than backward, thus suggesting a time focused incitement to change. In essence we seem to communicate that the past is dark but the future is bright.
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