| 61. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A Pilot Study on Temperament (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Reward Dependence) among Swedish Newly Graduated Nurses
- 2019
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Ingår i: 3rd Biennial International Convention of Psychological Science, Paris, France.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One factor for burnout vulnerability among nurses is their temperament profile. Compared to the general population, about 80% of Swedish newly graduated nurses were sentimental, warm, dedicated, attached, and dependent (i.e., high Reward Dependence) and 50% were worrying, pessimistic, doubtful, shy and low in energy (i.e., high Harm Avoidance).
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| 62. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A Quantification of Agentic and Communal Values in Adolescents’ Life Narratives
- 2014
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Ingår i: 167th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New York, New York, USA..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background Life stories emphasize the narrative and self-organizing aspects of human behaviors and complement personality traits in explaining human identity. In contrast to most research on narratives in which the analysis is restricted to the researcher’s subjective evaluations and interpretations, we used computational methods to quantitatively investigate the relationship between personality and narratives events. Meta-cognitive strategies and principles that guide agentic (self-directedness; e.g., being autonomous, responsible and having self-control), communal (cooperativeness; e.g., showing empathy, helping behavior, and social tolerance), and transcendental (self-transcendence; e.g., the sense of being part of the whole universe) behavior were of special interest. We also investigated which pronouns were most common in relation to personality constructs that were significantly related to the narratives. Method Personality was assessed among 79 adolescents at one point in time using the NEO Personality Inventory – Revised (NEO-PI-R) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Six months later, adolescents were asked to write down the most positive or the most negative event that had happened to them in the last three months. Adolescents were explicitly instructed to answer the following questions within their narratives: What happened? Who were involved? Why do you think it happened? How did you feel when it happened? How do you think the involved persons felt? The descriptions were quantified using semantic spaces, a computational method in which the Latent Semantic Analysis algorithm generates a semantic representation of the narratives. This representation was used to study whether it predicted the personality measures. Results Only Self-directedness and Cooperativeness were predicted by the semantic representation of the narratives. High levels of Self-directedness and Cooperativeness were associated with plural pronouns (e.g., us), whereas low levels were associated with singular pronouns (e.g., one-self, mine). Conclusions Agentic and communal values are involved when adolescents describe positive and negative life experiences.
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| 63. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A Ternary Model of Personality: Temperament, Character, and Identity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Statistical Semantics - Methods and Applications. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030372491 - 9783030372507
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human beings are definitely storytellers capable of travel back and forward in time. We not only construct stories about ourselves, but also share these with others (McAdams and McLean 2013). We construct and internalize an evolving and integrative story for life, that is, a narrative identity (Singer 2004). However, the life story is just one of three layers of personality that are in a dynamical complex interaction, the other two being temperamental dispositions and goals and values (McAdams and Manczak 2011) or what Cloninger (2004) defines as temperament and character. The use of language, that is, words and their meaning or semantic content, to understand a person’s identity is definitely not new. On basis of the psycholexical hypothesis, for example, relevant and prominent features of personality are encoded in natural language (John et al. 1988), thus, individual differences are manifested in single words that people use to describe their own concept of the self or identity (cf. Boyd and Pennebaker 2017; McAdams 2008; Gazzaniga 2011; Koltko-Rivera 2004). However, although some models of personality, such as the Big Five, stem from natural person-descriptive language, the original clustering of the person-descriptive words used to develop these lexical models was conducted by a relatively small number of researchers who lacked the technical programs available today to handle large amounts of text (Leising et al. 2014; see also Garcia et al. 2015a). In addition, these approaches involved, to a larger degree, only one layer of personality for clustering the person- descriptive words, namely, temperamental dispositions (cf. Gunderson et al. 1999). Here, as a first step, we present a new approach to analyze the way people describe themselves and use Cloninger’s biopsychosocial theory to interpret our results.
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| 64. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A will and a proper way leading to happiness: Self-Directedness Mediates the Effect of Persistence on Positive Affectivity
- 2012
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869. ; 53:8, s. 1034-1038
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Persistence is a temperament dimension that enables maintenance of behaviors. Persistent pursuit of need-satisfying goals is suggested to lead to increased Subjective Well-Being (SWB). The psychological advantages of being highly persistent can be evaluated by investigating the interactions of Persistence with other personality dimensions in relation to SWB. The aim of the present study is to investigate if Self-Directedness, defined as the ability to develop good habits and behave in accordance with long-term values and goals, mediates the relationship between Persistence and SWB. In two studies high school pupils (n = 468) reported Persistence, Self-Directedness, Positive and Negative Affect, and Life Satisfac- tion. Mediation analysis showed that Self-Directedness accounts for a significant amount of the shared variance between Persistence and Positive affect, but did not mediate the relationship of Persistence to Negative affect neither to Life Satisfaction. It can be concluded that Persistence itself might maintain motivation through delay periods, while Self-Directedness guides behavior towards long-term pleasant experiences.
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| 65. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A will (Persistence) and a proper way (Self-Directedness) might lead to happiness
- 2012
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Ingår i: 6th European Conference on Positive Psychology.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Persistence is a temperament dimension that explains maintenance of behavior. Adolescents high in Persistence are expected to be hard-working, and stable despite frustration and fatigue. They are also expected to increase their efforts in response to anticipated reward. In other words, frustration and fatigue may be perceived as a personal challenge; they do not give up easily and are probably willing to make major sacrifices to be a success (e.g., good grades). Persistent pursuit of need-satisfying goals is suggested to lead to increased Subjective Well-Being (SWB; Sheldon et al., 2010). Nevertheless, adolescents who have difficulties disengaging from unattainable goals, display high levels of proteins that predict long-term risk for diabetes, heart disease, and other medical conditions. Perseveration might naturally lead to high levels of positive experience when goals are achieved. Nevertheless, high persistence may be an adaptive behaviour only when rewards are intermittent but the contingencies remain stable. It is important to point out that daily problems adolescents encounter seem to be an equally stressful experience as major life events. Hence, at least among adolescents, perseveration may become maladaptive and probably leads to low SWB. In this context, another important personality dimension in adolescence might be Self-Directedness. Adolescents that are self-directed develop good habits and automatically behave in accord with their long-term values and goals, probably as a consequence of self-discipline. For instance, Duckworth and Seligman (2005) showed that, among adolescents, self-discipline outdoes IQ when predicting academic performance. Aims: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between Persistence, Self-Directedness, and SWB. Method: In two studies 468 high school pupils reported Persistence, Self-Directedness, Positive and Negative Affect. Life Satisfaction was also measured in Study 2. The personality dimensions were measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory. The SWB constructs were measured using the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. We used mediation analysis procedures recommended by Baron and Kenny (1986) to investigate if Self-Directedness accounts for a significant amount of the shared variance between Persistence and SWB measures. Results: Self-Directedness emerged as being related to all measures of SWB used in the present set of studies. In both studies, mediation analysis show that Self-Directedness accounts for a significant amount of the shared variance between Persistence and Positive Affect. Specifically, the indirect and total effects of Self-Directedness in our model suggest a partial mediation of 24% in Study 1 and a partial mediation of 42% in Study 2. However, Self-Directedness did not mediate the relationship between Persistence and Negative Affect or Persistence and Life Satisfaction. Conclusions: Paraphrasing the most asserted conclusion from Sheldon and colleagues (2010) at least among adolescents Persistence (will) and Self-Directedness (proper way) might lead to happiness. We suggest that, although the meditational effect of Self-Directedness was only true for the relationship between Persistence and positive emotions, this specific finding is important. If the goal is to teach adolescents to direct attention and effort toward a challenging goal, this might be facilitated through the promotion of Self-Directedness.
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| 66. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent Life Satisfaction and Well-Being
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Alternative Medicine Research. - 1939-5868. ; 4:3, s. 259-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in life satisfaction (LS) and psychological well-being (PWB) among adolescents (N = 141). The relationship between PWB’ self-acceptance sub-scale and LS was also investigated. The affective temperaments (AFTs) model was the framework for the research. The AFTs were developed through self-reported affect, generating four temperaments: self-actualizing, high affective, low affective, and self-destructive. Self-destructives reported lower LS and PWB than the other three temperaments. Moreover, PWB, in particular the subscale of self-acceptance, was related to LS for all temperaments. The role of positive emotions and self-acceptance among youth is discussed. The AFTs model is suggested to offer something unique by taking into account the interaction of positive and negative affect.
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| 67. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescents’ affective temperaments : Life satisfaction, interpretation, and memory of events
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Positive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1743-9760 .- 1743-9779. ; 4:2, s. 155-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated differences in adolescents’ life satisfaction (LS), apprehension of personal and non-personal events, and the influence of recalled life events on LS. The affective temperament (AFT) classification was the framework for the research. Seventy male and 65 female adolescents participated. AFTs were developed through self-reported affect, generating four temperaments: self-actualizing, high affective, low affective, and self-destructive. LS was also self-reported. Apprehension for events was assessed through two tasks: (1) life event recollection and (2) interpretation and recognition of words in a short story. High and low affectives interpreted and remembered events as both self-actualizers and self-destructives. All AFTs, with the exception of self-destructives, showed positive biases. Only individuals with high positive affect were positively primed for non-personal events. Life events predicted self-destructives’ and low affectives’ LS. Self-actualizers showed higher LS, measured for a second time in a sub-sample, than self-destructives. The importance of the AFTs is discussed.
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| 68. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973
(författare)
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Adolescents’ Happiness-Increasing Strategies and Well-Being
- 2012
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Ingår i: 6th European Conference on Positive Psychology.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In order to intentionally pursue happiness people seems to use different strategies. Tkach and Lyubomirsky (2006) have identified, using first an open-ended survey, 53 happiness-increasing strategies used by undergraduate students. Through factor analysis eight clusters were found: Social Affiliation (e.g. ‘‘Support and encourage friends’’), Partying and Clubbing (e.g. ‘‘Drink alcohol’’), Mental Control (e.g. ‘‘Try not to think about being unhappy’’), Instrumental Goal Pursuit (e.g. ‘‘Study’’), Passive Leisure (e.g. ‘‘Surf the internet’’), Active Leisure (e.g. ‘‘Exercise’’), Religion (e.g. ‘‘Seek support from faith’’) and Direct Attempts (e.g. ‘‘Act happy/smile, etc.’’). This happiness-increasing strategies accounted for 52%, while the Big Five personality traits for 46% of the variance in happiness. However, the strategies’ relations to happiness varied to a great extent. To investigate which strategies adolescents use pursuing happiness is important because engaging in certain type of behaviors may actually lower their level of happiness. Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine the eight clusters of happiness-increasing strategies and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being. Method: A total of 103 Swedish high school pupils participated in the study. Participants were asked to rate how frequently they used the 53 strategies to increase or maintain their happiness. Participants were also asked for other strategies they use and to rate how often they use them as well. Well-being was assessed by self-reports of positive and negative affect (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule), life satisfaction (Satisfaction with Life Scale), and psychological well-being (Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Measure). The structure of the 53 strategies was analysed through factor analysis and their relationship to well-being was analyse using Structural Equation Modelling. Results: The eight factor structure found by Tkach and Lyubomirsky (2006) was replicated. Furthermore, the strategies of Mental Control, Direct Attempts, Active Leisure, and Instrumental Goal Pursuit were related to well- being. Conclusions: The 53 strategies seem to be valid in the study of well-being among adolescents. Strategies such as cultivating a bright outlook, and that sacrifice possible instant reward (e.g., attempt to achieve full potential, organize life and goals) should be encouraged, at least in the context of adolescents.
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| 69. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973
(författare)
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Adolescents ´Happiness: The Role of Affective Temperament Model on Memory and Apprehension of Events, Subjective Well-Being, and Psychological Well-Being
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- DOCTORAL DISSERTATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, 2011 ABSTRACT Garcia, Danilo (2011). Adolescents' Happiness: The Role of the Affective Temperament Modelon Memory and Apprehension of Events, Subjective Well-Being, and Psychological Well-Being. Department of Psychology, University ofGothenburg, Sweden. Positive Psychology research suggests personality as a major determinant in adults and adolescents' happiness and well-being. Personality is probable a key element due to its relationship to individual differences in automatic emotionai reactions and habits (i.e., factors conceming temperament). Personality in this framework, however, exc\udes characteristics of personality related to affective emotionai traits. Moreover, positive attitudes toward the self (i.e., Psychological Well-Being; PWB) might help the individual to feel happy with life regardless of how her own temperament makes her feel and react to events. The aim of the present dissertation was to investigate differences among adolescents' happiness and well-being with respect to temperamental dispositions. The predictive nature of distinctive measures of well-being is also examined. In contrast to current conceptualizations, in the present dissertation temperament is suggested as an interaction of individuals positive (PA) and negative affect (NA). The interaction of the two temperamental dispositions was predicted to facilitate the individual to approach happiness and avoid unhappiness. The Affective Temperament model by Norlander, Bood & Archer (2002; originally called Affective Personalities) was used as a backdrop in four studies. The model yields four different temperaments: self-actualizing (high P A and low NA), high affective (high P A and high NA), low affective (low PA and low NA) and self-destructive (high PA and low NA). In contrast to adolescents with a self-destructive temperament, self-actualizing, high affective and low affective were expected to report higher life satisfaction (LS), higher PWB, to apprehend more positive than negative events (i.e., positivity bias), and to remember events congruent to their temperament, thus showing different tendencies of approach and prevention. Study lexamined differences in LS, memory for events and life events relationship to LS. As predicted high affectives and low affectives reported higher LS than selfdestructives, despite high levels of NA respectively low levels of PA. Consequentially, only selfdestructive adolescents did not show positivity bias. Moreover, life events predicted only LS for adolescents with low P A. Study II exarnined differences in PWB and the relationship between life events and PWB, and PWB to LS. In concordance to Study I, all temperaments reported higher PWB than the selfdestructive temperament and life events predicted PWB only for adolescents with low P A. Moreover, PWB's subscale of self-acceptance predicted LS for all temperaments. Study HI airned to investigate if temperaments' reaction to negative words was related to memory of words presented in a short story. Consistent with the predictions, high PA adolescents' reaction to negative words predicted the number of positive words they had in memory (i.e., promotion focus). In contrast, low affectives' reaction predicted the number of negative words in memory (i.e., prevention focus). Self-destructive lacked the ability to selfregulate their reaction to negative words. Study IV replicated the results from Study I and II: all temperaments reported higher LS and PWB than the self-destructive temperament. As in Study I, selfacceptance was related to LS for all temperaments. In conc\usion, the interaction of the two affective temperamental dispositions probably does part of the work when adolescents create a more pleasant world for thernselves. Hence, although at individuallevei an adolescent may not be blessed with the "right temperament": most adolescents are able and actually do achieve happy lives. Nevertheless, in regard to adolescents, the promotion of positive emotions should be in focus. It is plausible to suggest that a first step in this direction might be trough self-acceptance. Implications and limitations ofthe present dissertation are discussed. Key words: Adolescents, Affective Temperaments, Life Satisfaction, Negative Affect, Positive Affect, Psychological Well-Being, Regulatory Focus, Self-Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, Temperament. Danilo Garcia, Department of Psychology University of Gothenburg, Box 500, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. Phone: +46733105 153, E-mail: danilo.garcia(dJpsv.gu.se;danilo.garcia(äi.euromail.se ISSN 1101-7l8X ISBN 978-91-628-8219-8 ISRN GUIPSYKI A VH-239-SE
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| 70. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescents’ psychological well-being and memory for life events : Influences on life satisfaction with respect to temperamental dispositions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Happiness Studies. - : Springer. - 1389-4978 .- 1573-7780. ; 10:4, s. 407-419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to explore how the number of recalled life events (positive and negative) predicts psychological well-being (PWB) and how PWB predicts life satisfaction (LS). In addition, participants were categorized into one of four different affective temperaments (self-actualizing, high affective, low affective, and self-destructive). One hundred and thirty-five high school students participated in completing the SWLS (LS), PWB (short-version), PANAS (to create affective temperaments), and the life events recollection task. Results indicated that adolescents with high positive affect also had high PWB; adolescents with low affective profiles also had high PWB. Positive and negative life events predicted PWB for self-destructive temperaments, whereas positive life events predicted PWB for low affective temperaments. PWB predicted LS for all temperaments except the self-actualizing group. In conclusion, the temperament combinations may allow the individual to achieve PWB and LS. Even more importantly, self-acceptance may foster LS regardless of temperament and may have more impact on LS than life events.
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