| 291. |
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| 292. |
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| 293. |
- Yu, ChaoQing, et al.
(författare)
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Managing nitrogen to restore water quality in China
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 567:7749, s. 516-520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nitrogen cycle has been radically changed by human activities(1). China consumes nearly one third of the world's nitrogen fertilizers. The excessive application of fertilizers(2,3) and increased nitrogen discharge from livestock, domestic and industrial sources have resulted in pervasive water pollution. Quantifying a nitrogen 'boundary'(4) in heterogeneous environments is important for the effective management of local water quality. Here we use a combination of water-quality observations and simulated nitrogen discharge from agricultural and other sources to estimate spatial patterns of nitrogen discharge into water bodies across China from 1955 to 2014. We find that the critical surface-water quality standard (1.0 milligrams of nitrogen per litre) was being exceeded in most provinces by the mid-1980s, and that current rates of anthropogenic nitrogen discharge (14.5 +/- 3.1 megatonnes of nitrogen per year) to fresh water are about 2.7 times the estimated 'safe' nitrogen discharge threshold (5.2 +/- 0.7 megatonnes of nitrogen per year). Current efforts to reduce pollution through wastewater treatment and by improving cropland nitrogen management can partially remedy this situation. Domestic wastewater treatment has helped to reduce net discharge by 0.7 +/- 0.1 megatonnes in 2014, but at high monetary and energy costs. Improved cropland nitrogen management could remove another 2.3 +/- 0.3 megatonnes of nitrogen per year-about 25 per cent of the excess discharge to fresh water. Successfully restoring a clean water environment in China will further require transformational changes to boost the national nutrient recycling rate from its current average of 36 per cent to about 87 per cent, which is a level typical of traditional Chinese agriculture. Although ambitious, such a high level of nitrogen recycling is technologically achievable at an estimated capital cost of approximately 100 billion US dollars and operating costs of 18-29 billion US dollars per year, and could provide co-benefits such as recycled wastewater for crop irrigation and improved environmental quality and ecosystem services.
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| 294. |
- Zhang, Chi, et al.
(författare)
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Five tips for China to realize its co-targets of climate mitigation and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geography and Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 2096-7438 .- 2666-6839. ; 1:3, s. 245-249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2018, a total of US$166 billion global economic losses and a new high of 55.3 Gt of CO2 equivalent emission were generated by 831 climate-related extreme events. As the world's largest CO2 emitter, we reported China's recent progresses and pitfalls in climate actions to achieve climate mitigation targets (i.e., limit warming to 1.52 degrees C above the pre-industrial level). We first summarized China's integrated actions (2015 onwards) that benefit both climate change mitigation and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These projects include re-structuring organizations, establishing working goals and actions, amending laws and regulations at national level, as well as increasing social awareness at community level. We then pointed out the shortcomings in different regions and sectors. Based on these analyses, we proposed five recommendations to help China improving its climate policy strategies, which include: 1) restructuring the economy to balance short-term and long-term conflicts; 2) developing circular economy with recycling mechanism and infrastructure; 3) building up unified national standards and more accurate indicators; 4) completing market mechanism for green economy and encouraging green consumption; and 5) enhancing technology innovations and local incentives via bottom-up actions.
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| 295. |
- Zhang, Chi, et al.
(författare)
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Healthy China : from words to actions
- 2019
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Ingår i: LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 2468-2667. ; 4:9, s. E438-E439
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 296. |
- Zhao, Shijing, et al.
(författare)
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Elucidating the reaction pathway of crystalline multi-metal borides for highly efficient oxygen-evolving electrocatalysts
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 10:3, s. 1569-1578
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding the fundamental principle of catalytic performance and the mechanism of multimetal-based electrocatalysts is essential for the rational design of advanced renewable energy systems. Here, highly crystalline MMMoB4 (M = Fe, Co) compounds with controllable compositions of multiple active metal atoms and polyacene-type boron networks were synthesized delicately by a one-step high-pressure technique to explore electrocatalytic selectivity and activity. CoFeMoB4 and Co2MoB4 are revealed to be highly active and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts under alkaline conditions. The mutually promotive activation of metals with amorphous clusters and ultra-small grains on the surface are responsible for the enhanced activity of CoFeMoB4. More specifically, Co and Fe coupling in CoFeMoB4 facilitates surface reconstruction into active Co hydroxide and Fe oxyhydroxide, in contrast to Co oxyhydroxide in Co2MoB4 and Fe oxides in Fe2MoB4. Dissolving Mo may provide potential space for adsorbing hydroxyl, and the optimized electronic structure with boron is mainly responsible for the long-term durability. In contrast, Mo atoms are responsible for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) properties, and the optimized d-band center and density of states at the Fermi level make Co2MoB4 a superior HER catalyst. Our findings provide insight into distinguishing the catalytic pathway of multi-metal borides with improved OER activity and different roles of Mo and Co/Fe in the HER and OER.
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| 297. |
- Zhou, Yongqiang, et al.
(författare)
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Key factors driving dissolved organic matter composition and bioavailability in lakes situated along the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, China
- 2023
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Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP-ER) is a large scale multi-decade infrastructure project aiming to divert substantial amounts of water (approximate to 45 billion m3 yr-1) to alleviate water shortage in comparatively arid regions of northern China. The project has ramifications for hydrological con-nectivity and biogeochemical cycling of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in regional lakes affected by the project. We carried out an extensive field sampling campaign along the SNWDP-ER in different hydrological seasons of 2018 and monthly observations in Lake Hongze and Lake Luoma from April 2018 to June 2021. We found the lakes connecting to the SNWDP-ER had higher mean DOC, specific UV absorbance, higher ratio of humic-like to protein-like fluorophores (Humic : Protein), and shallower spectral slope (S275-295) in the wet season compared to the wet-to-dry transition, and dry seasons. The southern lakes and Yangtze River had lower DOC concen-tration, bioavailable DOC (BDOC), and higher DOM aromaticity compared to the northern two downstream lakes. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) revealed higher relative abundance of CHO-containing and aromatic compounds in the Yangtze River and the southern three upstream lakes compared to the northern two lakes. The data from Lake Hongze and Lake Luoma, studied in different hydrological seasons, suggest that water delivery had high consistency in DOM composition and BDOC over the season. We conclude that positioning along the watercourse and seasonally variable hydrological conditions play an important role in influencing the DOM composition and bioavailability of key lakes connecting to the SNWDP-ER. Our results indicated that the water diversion project delivers water with low DOC concentration and higher aromaticity and thus is of higher quality since it has higher DOM removal potential during drinking water treatment.
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| 298. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2011
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swepub:Mat__t (refereegranskat)
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| 299. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2011
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swepub:Mat__t (refereegranskat)
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| 300. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2011
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swepub:Mat__t (refereegranskat)
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