| 41. |
- Jiang, Jiefeng, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal Dynamics of Memory-guided Cognitive Control and Generalization of Control via Overlapping Associative Memories
- 2020
-
Ingår i: The Journal of Neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. - 1529-2401. ; 40:11, s. 2343-2356
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Goal-directed behavior can benefit from proactive adjustments of cognitive control that occur in anticipation of forthcoming cognitive control demands (CCD). Predictions of forthcoming CCD are thought to depend on learning and memory in two ways: First, through direct experience, associative encoding may link previously experienced CCD to its triggering item, such that subsequent encounters with the item serve to cue retrieval of (i.e., predict) the associated CCD. Second, in the absence of direct experience, pattern completion and mnemonic integration mechanisms may allow CCD to be generalized from its associated item to other items related in memory. While extant behavioral evidence documents both types of CCD prediction, the neurocognitive mechanisms giving rise to these predictions remain largely unexplored. Here, we tested two hypotheses: (1) memory-guided predictions about CCD precede control adjustments due to the actual CCD required to perform, and (2) generalization of CCD can be accomplished through integration mechanisms that link partially overlapping CCD—item and item—item associations in memory. Supporting these hypotheses, the temporal dynamics of theta and alpha power in human electroencephalography data (n=43, 26 females) revealed that an associative CCD effect emerges earlier than interaction effects involving actual CCD. Furthermore, generalization of CCD from one item (X) to another item (Y) was predicted by a decrease in alpha power following the presentation of the X—Y pair. These findings advance understanding of the mechanisms underlying memory-guided adjustments of cognitive control.
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| 42. |
- Johansson, Dan, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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The Taxation of Industrial Foundations in Sweden (1862–2018)
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Nordic Tax Journal. - : De Gruyter Open. - 2246-1809. ; :1, s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been argued that the Swedish tax system has favored firm control through industrial foundations, which should have inhibited entrepreneurship and economic growth. However, research has been hampered due to a lack of systematic historical tax data. The purpose of this study is to describe the evolution of tax rules for industrial foundations in Sweden between 1862 and 2018 and to calculate the marginal effective tax rate on capital income (METR). The results show that the METR for an equity financed investment is below 20 percent most of the time and occasionally peak at about 40 percent. Treating the requirement that industrial foundations have to donate the bulk of capital income (less capital gains) to charitable purposes as a tax, the METR seldom is below 50 percent when financing investments with new share issues, and often exceeds 100 percent.
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| 43. |
- Johansson, Emil, et al.
(författare)
-
Pentavalent Sialic Acid Conjugates Block Coxsackievirus A24 Variant and Human Adenovirus Type 37-Viruses That Cause Highly Contagious Eye Infections
- 2020
-
Ingår i: ACS Chemical Biology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1554-8929 .- 1554-8937. ; 15:10, s. 2683-2691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) and human adenovirus 37 (HAdV-37) are leading causative agents of the severe and highly contagious ocular infections acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, respectively. Currently, neither vaccines nor antiviral agents are available for treating these diseases, which affect millions of individuals worldwide. CVA24v and HAdV-37 utilize sialic acid as attachment receptors facilitating entry into host cells. Previously, we and others have shown that derivatives based on sialic acid are effective in preventing HAdV-37 binding and infection of cells. Here, we designed and synthesized novel pentavalent sialic acid conjugates and studied their inhibitory effect against CVA24v and HAdV-37 binding and infection of human corneal epithelial cells. The pentavalent conjugates are the first reported inhibitors of CVA24v infection and proved efficient in blocking HAdV-37 binding. Taken together, the pentavalent conjugates presented here form a basis for the development of general inhibitors of these highly contagious ocular pathogens.
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| 44. |
- Johansson, Karin S L, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic controls of short- and long-term stomatal CO2 responses in Arabidopsis thaliana
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Annals of botany. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1095-8290 .- 0305-7364. ; 126:1, s. 179-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The stomatal conductance (gs) of most plant species decreases in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. This response could have a significant impact on plant water use in a future climate. However, the regulation of the CO2-induced stomatal closure response is not fully understood. Moreover, the potential genetic links between short-term (within minutes to hours) and long-term (within weeks to months) responses of gs to increased atmospheric CO2 have not been explored. METHODS: We used Arabidopsis thaliana recombinant inbred lines originating from accessions Col-0 (strong CO2 response) and C24 (weak CO2 response) to study short- and long-term controls of gs. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was used to identify loci controlling short- and long-term gs responses to elevated CO2, as well as other stomata-related traits. KEY RESULTS: Short- and long-term stomatal responses to elevated CO2 were significantly correlated. Both short- and long-term responses were associated with a QTL at the end of chromosome 2. The location of this QTL was confirmed using near-isogenic lines and it was fine-mapped to a 410-kb region. The QTL did not correspond to any known gene involved in stomatal closure and had no effect on the responsiveness to abscisic acid. Additionally, we identified numerous other loci associated with stomatal regulation. CONCLUSIONS: We identified and confirmed the effect of a strong QTL corresponding to a yet unknown regulator of stomatal closure in response to elevated CO2 concentration. The correlation between short- and long-term stomatal CO2 responses and the genetic link between these traits highlight the importance of understanding guard cell CO2 signalling to predict and manipulate plant water use in a world with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. This study demonstrates the power of using natural variation to unravel the genetic regulation of complex traits.
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| 45. |
- Johansson, Mikael, 1987
(författare)
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Demystifying the Black Box - Exploring How Users Make Sense of Fully Automated Vehicles
- 2020
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vehicles are becoming increasingly automated. Already today vehicles are able to take over and assist the human driver in certain driving tasks, and the scope of technical possibilities is rapidly expanding. However, for the proliferation of AVs to occur, there are several challenges that must first be overcome. These challenges are not only structural, including regulations and technological development, but also user-related, such as the adoption of and willingness of users to use the system. Previous research has identified the importance of user understanding of Automated Vehicles (AVs), as this affects usage directly as well as indirectly by impacting acceptance. In this thesis, a design approach has been chosen that uses a product semantic framework as the basis for addressing the issue of user understanding with the aim of exploring how users make sense of the AV. The research presented is based on data from a quasi-experimental study, conducted using a seemingly fully automated (WOz) vehicle on a test course where participants’ understanding was investigated both during and after the test runs. The findings show that use of the AV gave rise to several levels of meaning, based on two different processes. The main one was an external process, where integration of the participants’ conceptual models of human drivers and AVs, artefactual signifiers, and situational signifiers in a context developed meaning. However, an internal process was also evident, where meanings themselves developed new meanings. This thesis presents a tentative model based on the findings, describing three important components: the user’s conceptual model, the signifiers, and the meanings that arise during usage of the AV. The model illustrates the complex interplay between these three components and can be used to better understand and investigate how users make sense of AVs to aid the design and development of AVs. The thesis also contributes to the field of product semantics through the practical application of product semantic theories, in addition to providing further insight into how users develop meaning and make sense of artefacts, by describing the processes and components which seem to be the foundation when making sense of artefacts. Having said that, further studies need to explore in greater detail the dynamics of the process of making sense, the process of making sense in partially automated vehicles, and how meaning changes during a prolonged usage.
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| 46. |
- Johansson, Mikael, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of test results and ranking criteria for Varestraint testing of an austenitic high-temperature alloy
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Welding in the World. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-2288 .- 1878-6669. ; 64, s. 903-912
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Varestraint testing is commonly used to evaluate hot cracking susceptibility of materials. In this paper, the dependence of operators and evaluation technique on test results is studied for a high-temperature austenitic stainless steel (UNS S31035). Samples were tested at six different strain levels ranging from 0.7 to 3.8%. Four different operators evaluated the same samples following the same instructions on how to measure the cracks manually in an optical microscope at x 25 magnification. The largest variation among operators evaluation was found for low strain levels where small and few cracks were found. In addition, one of the four operators used image analysis to evaluate the samples at x 50 magnification. The average total crack length and total number of cracks in fusion zone and heat-affected zone were approximately 1.5 times higher when using image analysis compared with manual evaluation. Image analysis at x 50 made it possible to detect smaller cracks compared with manual evaluation at x 25 magnification, contributing to an increased number of cracks detected. The maximum crack length using image analysis at x 50 was similar to manual evaluation made at x 25 magnification and was the criterion that showed the least variation in this study. However, further comparisons using other magnifications are needed to verify the agreement between manual evaluation and image analysis found in this study. An advantage with evaluation using image analysis is that it provides traceable results. A harmonized standard for Varestraint testing, and especially for evaluation, would decrease the variation among operators and laboratories.
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| 47. |
- Johansson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
-
Interaktioner mellan affärs-, energi- och innovationsstrategier i massa- och pappersindustrin - slutrapport
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Samhällets omställning till en biobaserad ekonomi innebär nya möjligheter för svensk massa- och pappersindustri. Detta projekt har studerat hur massa- och pappersföretag i Sverige formulerar sina affärsstrategier i relation till krav på produktdiversifiering och förbättrad energi- och resurseffektivitet. Projektet har särskilt fokuserat på interaktioner mellan företagens affärs-, energi- och innovationsstrategier med syfte att öka kunskapen om dels företagens strategier och dels hur de tillsammans påverkar företagens möjligheter att möta de krav som ställs på branschen och, i förlängningen, deras förmåga att uppnå en hållbar och konkurrenskraftig produktion. Projektet har genomförts genom en intervjustudie med utvalda massa- och pappersföretag, en enkät till bruken i Sverige, dokumentstudier samt studier av utvalda innovationsprojekt. Studien har identifierat tre typer av affärsstrategier i branschen: bred differentiering, fokuserad differentiering samt kostnadsledarskap. De flesta studerade företag har en av de två förstnämnda strategierna. Resultaten visar att innovationsstrategierna har en tydlig relation till affärsstrategierna i det att företag som har en differentieringsstrategi strävar efter teknologiskt ledarskap eller åtminstone att vara snabba efterföljare, medan lågkostnadsproducenten har en innovationsstrategi som går ut på att följa efter senare än de andra. De studerade företagens energistrategier är mångfacetterade och kan relatera till företagets affärsstrategier på flera sätt. Energistrategin innefattar såväl aktiviteter som syftar till minskade kostnader som aktiviteter som syftar till att öka företagets intäkter. Alla företag i studien arbetar strategiskt med energi och har satt upp mål för detta arbete. Studien visar att företagen arbetar strategiskt med att minska sina energirelaterade kostnader genom energieffektivisering, energibesparing, självförsörjning av energi och byte till förnybar energi. Hälften av de studerade företagen arbetar även strategiskt med att ta fram och sälja energiprodukter för att härigenom öka sina intäkter och studien indikerar ett ökat intresse för detta. Studien har identifierat både synergier och konflikter mellan företagens innovations- och energistrategier. Synergier uppstår när energieffektiviseringar resulterar i processinnovationer (och vice versa), produktinnovationer leder till förbättrade energiprestanda eller nya biobaserade produkter ersätter fossilbaserade produkter. Samtidigt finns det även konflikter, eller trade-off, mellan innovation- och energistrategier, till exempel i form av ökad energianvändning i samband med produktionen av nya produkter. I dessa fall, är innovationens potentiella lönsamhet, eller business case, avgörande: innovationer med hög lönsamhet satsas på trots högre energianvändning.
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| 48. |
- Johansson, Morgan, 1971, et al.
(författare)
-
Inventering av kunskapsbehov i byggbranschen med hänsyn till explosioner i en förtätad stadsmiljö
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med syfte att frigöra attraktiv markyta för vidare bebyggelse finns det på många orter idag ett önskemål att genomföra en förtätning av den befintliga stadsmiljön. En sådan förtätning resulterar dock i minskade avstånd mellan byggnader och transportled, vilket medför ökade krav med hänsyn till bland annat explosioner. Hantering av explosioner i en förtätad stadsmiljö kan övergripande sägas bestå av tre delområden – riskhantering, explosionslast samt strukturrespons. I en explosionssituation har alla dessa delområden en avgörande inverkan på den slutliga utformningen av närliggande byggnader och för att erhålla en bra helhetslösning krävs att delområdena hanteras som en sammanhängande enhet. Detta gör att problematiken blir tvärvetenskaplig och därmed också mer komplex. I dagens hantering av explosioner finns det dock bety-dande brister inom samtliga delområden, något som till stor del beror på att kompe-tensen om explosioner i byggbranschen är otillräcklig. Ett övergripande syfte med detta arbete har varit att bidra till en ökad nationell kom-petens om explosioner samt explosionsbelastade strukturer. Detta har gjorts genom att inventera och sammanställa aktuella frågeställningar, behov samt specifika tillämp-ningsområden som för branschen är kopplade till explosioner i en tät stadsmiljö. Målet med arbetet har varit att skapa ett underlag för ett framtida, större samverkans-projekt, vilket närmare kan studera hur identifierade frågeställningar bör hanteras. Arbetet har genomförts via en kombination av litteraturstudier och intervjuer. De senare har utgjort en central del av arbetet och dessa har genomförts med personer av varierande bakgrund i byggbranschen, vilka på olika sätt har en nära anknytning till explosioner i en förtätad stadsmiljö. Som komplement till detta presenteras även författarnas funderingar kring frågor kopplade till explosionslast och strukturrepsons. Av utförd inventering kan konstateras att det råder konsensus bland de intervjuade om att det i branschen finns ett stort behov av ökad kunskap om explosioner. Vilka behov som identifieras varierar dock eftersom de intervjuade har olika roller. Ett samstäm-migt önskemål finns dock i form av att en branschgemensam handbok bör tas fram som kan användas som stöd vid hantering av explosionsbelastning. En viktig uppgift för en sådan handbok blir då att främja samverkan mellan olika kompetenser kring explosion – särskilt den mellan riskanalytiker och konstruktör – samt att den bidrar till en ökad koppling mellan explosionslast och konsekvens mot omgivningen. Hand-boken behöver vidare behandla samtliga delområden och kan lämpligen ges ut av Trafikverket i en form liknande den som Trafikverkets projekteringshandböcker.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Johansson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
-
Video analysis of pedestrian movement (VAPM) under different lighting conditions—method exploration
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 13:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When daylight hours are limited, pedestrians are dependent on appropriate outdoor lighting. Although new city lighting applications must consider both energy usage and pedestrian responses, current methods used to capture pedestrian walking behaviour during dark conditions in real settings are limited. This study reports on the development and evaluation of a video-based method that analyses pedestrians’ microscopic movements (VAPM—video analysis of pedestrian movements), including placement and speed, in an artificially lit outdoor environment. In a field study utilising between-subjects design, 62 pedestrians walked along the same path under two different lighting applications. VAPM accurately discriminated pedestrians’ microscopic movements in the two lighting applications. By incorporating methodological triangulation, VAPM successfully complemented observer-based assessments of pedestrians’ perceptions and evaluations of the two lighting applications. It is suggested that in evaluations of pedestrian responses to city lighting applications, observer-based assessments could be successfully combined with an analysis of actual pedestrian movement while walking in the lit environment. However, prior to employing a large-scale application of VAPM, the methodology needs to be further adapted for use with drones and integration into smart city lighting systems.
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