| 31. |
- Kim, Woojin Scott, et al.
(författare)
-
Increased ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 expression in Alzheimer's disease hippocampal neurons
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. - 1875-8908. ; 21:1, s. 193-205
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) reduces amyloid-beta burden in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Associations between ABCA1 polymorphisms and AD risk are also established. Little is known regarding the regulation of ABCA1 expression in the brain and how this may be affected by AD. In the present study we assessed ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus of AD cases compared to controls. ABCA1 was clearly expressed in hippocampal neurons and expression was increased two- to three-fold in AD cases. The increased hippocampal ABCA1 expression was associated with increased APOE and PUMA gene expression, implying an association with neuronal stress. Consistent with this, treatment of SK-N-SH neurons with amyloid-beta peptide resulted in a 48% loss in survival and a significant upregulation of ABCA1, APOE, and PUMA gene expression. Studies in young (2 month) and old (12 month) transgenic mice expressing a familial AD form of human amyloid-beta protein precursor and presenilin-1 revealed a significant age-dependent upregulation of hippocampal Abca1 compared to wild-type control mice. However, hippocampal Apoe and Puma gene expression were not correlated with increased Abca1 expression in mice. Our data indicate that ABCA1 is upregulated in AD hippocampal neurons potentially via an amyloid-beta-mediated pathway.
|
|
| 32. |
|
|
| 33. |
- Kågedal, Katarina, 1970-
(författare)
-
Cathepsin D released from lysosomes mediates apoptosis
- 2003
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Last year (2002), the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three scientists who have conducted pioneer research on programmed cell death. In the human body, more than a thousand billion cells are created every day, and an equal number die, thus programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is an important mechanism for maintaining tissue homeostasis and protecting against disease. Malfunctioning apoptosis is associated with many pathological conditions, for example, excess apoptosis is characteristic of AIDS, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and myocardinal infarction, and insufficient apoptosis is seen in autoimmune conditions and cancer. Robert Horvitz, one of the mentioned Nobel Prize Laureates, was the first to identify death genes, namely ced-3, -4, and -9 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which were later discovered to have counterparts in humans.The aim of this thesis is to clarify the participation of lysosomes and lysosomal proteases in the initiation of apoptosis. The lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D regulates the human homologue of ced-3, which encoded the caspase family of proteases. Moreover, the human homologue of ced-9 encodes the Bcl-2 family of proteins such as Bax, which was involved in regulating the release of cathepsin D from lysosomes during apoptosis. In the present studies, apoptosis was induced by various substances, all of which first caused damage to lysosomes with ensuing release of lysosomal proteases. Fibroblasts exposed either to free radicals generated by the redox cycling quinone naphthazarin or to the kinase inhibitor staurosporine exhibited rapid translocation of cathepsin D from lysosomes to the cytosol and subsequent apoptosis. Malignant macrophages (J774 cells) and T lymphocytes (Jurkat cells) exposed to the lysosomotropic detergent sphingosine displayed early lysosomal destabilization and later apoptosis. Sphingosine also destabilized isolated lysosomes. Moreover, mimicking the translocation of cathepsin D by microinjecting cathepsin D into the cytosol induced apoptosis in fibroblasts.In the mentioned systems, lysosomes were destabilized before mitochondrial changes occurred and caspases were activated. Furthermore, apoptosis was prevented by inhibition of cathepsin D in the naphthazarin, staurosporine, and sphingosine systems and by inhibition of cysteine proteases such as cathepsins B and L in the sphingosine system. These results emphasize that cytosolic localization of lysosomal proteases is necessary for the ability of these enzymes to induce apoptosis.The present results also demonstrate that, during apoptosis, lysosomal membranes are destabilized by the following: (i) free-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation; (ii) pore formation through the Bcl-2 family member Bax; (iii) the impact of the lysosomotropic detergent sphingosine. All three of these events have been implicated in numerous other apoptosis systems. Accordingly, the participation of lysosomal enzymes in apoptosis may be more widespread than previously assumed. This new perspective on lysosomes as regulators of apoptosis may lead to novel treatment strategies for diseases associated with malfunctioning apoptosis.
|
|
| 34. |
- Kågedal, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
-
Increased expression of the lysosomal cholesterol transporter NPC1 in Alzheimers disease
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 1388-1981 .- 1879-2618. ; 1801:8, s. 831-838
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Niemann-Pick type Cl (NPC1) protein mediates the trafficking of cholesterol from lysosomes to other organelles. Mutations in the NPC1 gene lead to the retention of cholesterol and other lipids in the lysosomal compartment, and such defects are the basis of NPC disease. Several parallels exist between NPC disease and Alzheimers disease (AD), including altered cholesterol homeostasis, changes in the lysosomal system, neurofibrillary tangles, and increased amyloid-beta generation. How the expression of NPC1 in the human brain is affected in AD has not been investigated so far. In the present study, we measured NPC1 mRNA and protein expression in three distinct regions of the human brain, and we revealed that NPC1 expression is upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of AD patients compared to control individuals. In the cerebellum, a brain region that is relatively spared in AD, no difference in NPC1 expression was detected. Similarly, murine NPC1 mRNA levels were increased in the hippocampus of 12-month-old transgenic mice expressing a familial AD form of human amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (APP/PS1tg) compared to 12-month-old wild type mice, whereas no change in NPC1 was detected in mouse cerebellum. Immunohistochemical analysis of human hippocampus indicated that NPC1 expression was strongest in neurons. However, in vitro studies revealed that NPC1 expression was not induced by transfecting SK-N-SH neurons with human APP or by treating them with oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide. Total cholesterol levels were reduced in hippocampus from AD patients compared to control individuals, and it is therefore possible that the increased expression of NPC1 is linked to perturbed cholesterol homeostasis in AD.
|
|
| 35. |
- Kågedal, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
-
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization during apoptosis : Involvement of Bax?
- 2005
-
Ingår i: International journal of experimental pathology (Print). - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0959-9673 .- 1365-2613. ; 86:5, s. 309-321
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bcl-2 family members have long been known to control permeabilization of the mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis, but involvement of these proteins in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) was not considered until recently. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the release of lysosomal proteases to the cytosol seen during apoptosis, with special emphasis on the role of Bax. In human fibroblasts, exposed to the apoptosis-inducing drug staurosporine (STS), the release of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D to the cytosol was observed by immunocytochemistry. In response to STS treatment, there was a shift in Bax immunostaining from a diffuse to a punctate pattern. Confocal microscopy showed co-localization of Bax with both lysosomes and mitochondria in dying cells. Presence of Bax at the lysosomal membrane was confirmed by immuno-electron microscopy. Furthermore, when recombinant Bax was incubated with pure lysosomal fractions, Bax inserted into the lysosomal membrane and induced the release of lysosomal enzymes. Thus, we suggest that Bax is a mediator of LMP, possibly promoting the release of lysosomal enzymes to the cytosol during apoptosis.
|
|
| 36. |
- Kågedal, Katarina, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Sphingosine-induced apoptosis is dependent on lysosomal proteases
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 359:2, s. 335-343
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a new mechanism for sphingosine-induced apoptosis, involving relocation of lysosomal hydrolases to the cytosol. Owing to its lysosomotropic properties, sphingosine, which is also a detergent, especially when protonated, accumulates by proton trapping within the acidic vacuolar apparatus, where most of its action as a detergent would be exerted. When sphingosine was added in low-to-moderate concentrations to Jurkat and J774 cells, partial lysosomal rupture occurred dose-dependently, starting within a few minutes. This phenomenon preceded caspase activation, as well as changes of mitochondrial membrane potential. High sphingosine doses rapidly caused extensive lysosomal rupture and ensuing necrosis, without antecedent apoptosis or caspase activation. The sphingosine effect was prevented by pre-treatment with another, non-toxic, lysosomotropic base, ammonium chloride, at 10mM. The lysosomal protease inhibitors, pepstatin A and epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-3-methyl-butane ethyl ester ('E-64d'), inhibited markedly sphingosine-induced caspase activity to almost the same degree as the general caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone ('Z-VAD-FMK'), although they did not by themselves inhibit caspases. We conclude that cathepsin D and one or more cysteine proteases, such as cathepsins B or L, are important mediators of sphingosine-induced apoptosis, working upstream of the caspase cascade and mitochondrial membrane-potential changes.
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
- Kågedal, Matts, et al.
(författare)
-
A positron emission tomography study in healthy volunteers to estimate mGluR5 receptor occupancy of AZD2066-Estimating occupancy in the absence of a reference region
- 2013
-
Ingår i: NeuroImage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-8119 .- 1095-9572. ; 82, s. 160-169
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AZD2066 is a new chemical entity pharmacologically characterized as a selective, negative allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5). Antagonism of mGluR5 has been implicated in relation to various diseases such as anxiety, depression, and pain disorders. To support translation from preclinical results and previous experiences with this target in man, a positron emission tomography study was performed to estimate the relationship between AZD2066 plasma concentrations and receptor occupancy in the human brain, using the mGluR5 radioligand [C-11]-ABP688. The study involved PET scans on 4 occasions in 6 healthy volunteers. The radioligand was given as a tracer dose alone and following oral treatment with different doses of AZD2066. The analysis was based on the total volume of distribution derived fro m each PET-assessment. A non-linear mixed effects model was developed where ten delineated brain regions of interest from all PET scans were included in one simultaneous fit. For comparison the analysis was also performed according to a method described previously by Lassen et al. (1995). The results of the analysis showed that the total volume of distribution decreased with increasing drug concentrations in all regions with an estimated Kipl of 1170 nM. Variability between individuals and occasions in non-displaceable volume of distribution could explain most of the variability in the total volume of distribution. The Lassen approach provided a similar estimate for Kipl, but the variability was exaggerated and difficult to interpret.
|
|
| 39. |
- Kågedal, Matts, et al.
(författare)
-
Estimation of drug receptor occupancy when non-displaceable binding differs between brain regions : extending the simplified reference tissue model
- 2015
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Wiley. - 0306-5251 .- 1365-2125. ; 80:1, s. 116-127
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: The simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) is used for estimation of receptor occupancy assuming that the non-displaceable binding in the reference region is identical to the brain regions of interest. The aim of this work was to extended the SRTM to also account for inter-regional differences in non-displaceable concentrations, and to investigate if this model allowed estimation of receptor occupancy using white matter as reference. It was also investigated if an apparent higher affinity in caudate compared to other brain regions, could be better explained by a difference in the extent of non-displaceable binding.METHODS: The analysis was based on a PET study in 6 healthy volunteers using the 5-HT1B receptor radioligand [(11) C]AZ10419369. The radioligand was given intravenously as a tracer dose alone and following different oral doses of the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist AZD3783. Nonlinear mixed effects models were developed where differences between regions in non-specific concentrations were accounted for. The properties of the models were also evaluated by means of simulation studies.RESULTS: The estimate (95% CI) of KiPL was 10.2 ng/ml (5.4-15) and 10.4 ng/ml (8.1-13.6) based on the extended SRTM with white matter as reference and based on the SRTM using cerebellum as reference respectively. The estimate (95% CI) of KiPL for caudate relative to other brain regions was 55% ( 48% -62%).CONCLUSIONS: The extended SRTM allows consideration of white matter as reference region when no suitable grey matter region exists. The AZD3783 affinity appears to be higher in caudate compared with other brain regions.
|
|
| 40. |
|
|
