| 41. |
- Jonsson, Anna, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
Unboxing knowledge in collaboration between academia and society : A story about conceptions and epistemic uncertainty
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 49:4, s. 583-597
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policymakers increasingly emphasize knowledge collaboration between academia and society as important means to generate innovations and solve complex issues. However, while recent literature on such collaboration suggests that knowledge needs to be integrated and generated across disciplines and sectors, there are surprisingly few studies that define what is meant by ‘knowledge’ or focus on the process of generating knowledge. Subsequently, the aim of this paper is to unbox ‘knowledge’ in knowledge collaboration by focusing specifically on how knowledge is understood by heterogenous actors during the process of generating knowledge. We build on insights from an in-depth case study and contribute to the literature on knowledge collaboration by bringing in theory on boundary work that specifically addresses the knowledge generation process. We argue that to better meet the expectations of collaboration, there is a need for more discussions and focus on the participating stakeholders’ heterogenous epistemological as well as ontological understanding.
|
|
| 42. |
-
Kampen om kunskap : Akademi och praktik
- 2019
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det ropas allt högre om att forskare ska samverka med det omgivande samhället. Det är rop som vittnar om en stor tilltro till att morgondagens vetenskapliga genombrott garanteras genom att kunskap produceras i samverkan. Men vad betyder det att samverka? Är den alltid att föredra? Främjar eller kanske rentav hotar samverkan kunskapsproduktion i samhället?Denna essäsamling syftar till att belysa och diskutera hur kunskap förstås och genereras i gränslandet mellan akademi och praktik. I detta gränsland utspelar sig en kamp om kunskap en kamp som ofta färgas av förenklade, extrema bilder av forskaren som antingen isolerad i ett elfenbenstorn eller frivolt minglande på marknadstorget. Det är en kamp som väcker frågor om forskarens roll, och synen på kunskap, i samhället. Författarna till bokens tretton essäer kommer från en bredd av discipliner inom humaniora och samhällsvetenskap. Genom att låta varje essä speglas i en seriebild vill vi bidra till ytterligare tanke och reflektion kring vad kampen om kunskap handlar om. Vår ambition och förhoppning är att ge bränsle till en diskussion bortom tornet och torget om möjligheter och utmaningar med dagens syn på kunskapsproduktion och vilken roll samverkan kan, eller bör, spela.
|
|
| 43. |
- Khan, Jamil, et al.
(författare)
-
Vägval 2050: Styrningsutmaningar och förändringsstrategier för en omställning till ett kolsnålt samhälle
- 2011
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Today there are climate policy targets within the EU and Sweden about limiting global warming and drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In order to stay within the goal of a global warming of less than 2 ºC, the industrialised countries should decrease their emissions by 80-95 % in 2050, and bring them down to zero in the longer run. Scenario studies indicate that this is possible to achieve and the main technological alternatives are known. But rapid technical development and large behavioural changes do not happen by themselves and the transition to a low-carbon society is principally a political challenge which demands new ways of thinking about societal steering and governance. In this report a broad group of researchers from different scientific disciplines, who are active within the research programme LETS 2050, analyse the role of governance for a low-carbon transition. Important governance challenges and policy choices in a variety of sectors are discussed. The overarching question is: How can a low-carbon transition be governed effectively in ways that are acceptable for different actors and interests and for society at large? In the report we relate to existing Swedish scenario studies which have identified how Sweden can reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. In nine chapters the associated governance challenges are studied for different sectors and technologies. The topics that are studied are bioenergy, wind power, energy efficient houses, decarbonisation of industry, freight transport, future energy carriers in the transport sector, planning for reduced transport and the emergence of climate reflective citizens. The time horizon of the report is 2050 and beyond which means that we analyse political choices for a long term low-carbon transition. At the same time we focus on the path to get there, and on what needs to be done here and now in order to move society in the direction of the long-term goal. Governing a low-carbon transition will require thoroughgoing policy changes at different levels. In this report the need for changes are analysed at (i) the policy level (policy instruments, measures, resources), (ii) the institutional level (legislation, organisational structures) and (iii) the paradigm level (basic norms, discourses, values). In the different chapters, specific recommendations are made regarding the need for change and the policy choices that have to be made. At the policy level a recurring theme is that general policy instruments to increase the price of carbon, through e.g. carbon taxes or emission trading (e.g. EU ETS), should be a main strategy in a transition to a low-carbon society. These policy instruments increase the attractiveness of lowcarbon technologies and behaviour, while they remain neutral in the sense that they do not dictate exactly what technology or measure that should be used. However, general policy instruments do not provide the whole solution and, for different reasons, they need to be complemented by other instruments and measures. For successful and long-term climate governance there is a need to improve the development and deployment of so called “second best” policy strategies and instruments. In the report a number of specific policy instruments that would be relevant today are discussed. For bioenergy and off-shore wind power, policy instruments to support research, demonstration and introduction of new technologies, need to be considered. For energy efficient buildings, a combination of stricter regulation and initiatives to foster voluntary co-operation and technology diffusion would be an important complement to economic incentives. Strategic public investment in infrastructure is a particularly important measure to push the transport sector in the direction of a transition. Complementary policy instruments can also be needed to handle the effects of a more ambitious climate policy and here bioenergy serves as an example. An increased use of the bioenergy resource will lead to potential conflicts with other uses (wood, food production) as well as other environmental goals (biodiversity, sustainable forests). For this reason there is a need for a continuous development of policy instruments and regulations to avoid the negative consequences of an increased bioenergy use. This report shows that while new, purposeful policy instruments certainly are necessary, they are not sufficient to promote and support a low-carbon transition. In many areas there is also need for institutional changes and reforms, e.g. changes in legislation and norm systems or adjustments in how society is organised. The lack of environmental competence and knowledge among the actors in the building sector is identified as an important impediment to more energy efficient buildings. Energy efficient solutions are seldom prioritised when new buildings are planned and old buildings are renovated, and a major educational reform that covers all relevant actors would therefore be an important measure. The large need for technological development also calls for institutional change, which is discussed in the chapters on basic industry and on new energy carriers in the transport sector. Two questions are critical. First, technological development and innovation are international, or even global, processes and it is not easy to decide which role Sweden can and should play. Second, there are major uncertainties as to which technologies will be successful, and some investments may therefore lead to poor results. This puts requirements on flexible governance arrangements which have the capacity to support promising technologies, but also to change or remove support when it is no longer motivated. Technological support is necessary in all phases of the innovation process, not only in basic research but also in diffusion and commercialisation. In another chapter institutional measures that might strengthen the capacity to reduce transport demand through urban and regional planning are discussed, for instance an increased integration of transport and land-use planning and new types of network and knowledge building. The basic goal would be reforms that reward planning measures that contribute to increased sustainability of transport. Stricter regulation and economic incentives to more sustainable plans are two possible measures. The third level in the framework is also the most evasive, but nevertheless central in order to understand the preconditions for political decisions and policy choices. Here we are dealing with the need for changes in policy paradigms, or basic perspectives and values, which are necessary to make policy- and institutional reforms possible in the first place. The importance of paradigms is particularly visible in the transport sector. Simply put, there are two main strategies to reduce the emissions of the transport sector. One is to develop new technology and make existing technology more efficient. The other is to reduce transport volumes and increase modal shift to low carbon transport modes. The most robust option would be to combine the two strategies and both develop new technology and at the same time find ways to break the trend of increasing transport volumes. In the analysis of transport and urban planning it is recognized that the transport policy goals state that accessibility, and not mobility, should be the guiding principle. While this opens up the possibility to plan for decreased transport demand, planning practice at all levels continues to be dominated by a mobility paradigm, when e.g. new residential areas are planned. In two of the chapters in the book, an analysis is made of how an accessibility paradigm could be strengthened by an active urban and regional planning, and by the emergence of an increased climate reflection among citizens which over time might transcend from being something marginal to become an established norm. In the conclusions of the report five key issues are highlighted, critically important to reflect upon in order to develop effective governance of the transition to a low-carbon society. First, the state needs to show stronger leadership and the on-going process on a Swedish low-carbon roadmap could be a step in that direction. One of the most important tasks for the state is to provide direction and establish a political vision that societal actors can agree upon. This needs to be backed up by policy measures to steer and organise the implementation and to generate credibility and create legitimacy for the long-term transition. There is a long tradition of policy instruments and measures to fall back upon, which have made Sweden a pioneer in climate policy. But for the coming transition challenge, more is needed. One area, in which the state could become more active, is in its support to the development of new technology, both through R&D, diffusion policies and investments in supporting infrastructure. Another measure is to upgrade the role of planning as a steering mechanism for the transition. Second, it is important to bear in mind that Sweden is dependent on the outside world for an effective climate policy, not the least in relation to the EU. The dependence is however not the same in all sectors. For wind power, bioenergy and energy efficiency in buildings, Sweden can to a large extent decide over its own development. Here, the challenges are rather to put the right policy instruments in place, to co-ordinate and give incentives to key actors, and to make necessary changes in legislation and planning systems. In other areas, such as the basic industry and transport, the international dependence is higher, due to global trends, international competitiveness and technical development. Still there are many things that can be done domestically to facilitate and prepare for a transition. For industry it is e.g. important to develop visions and strategies for how emissions can be reduced while maintaining
|
|
| 44. |
- Klintman, Mikael
(författare)
-
A Review of Public Policies Relating to the Use of Environmental Labelling and Information Schemes (ELIS)
- 2015
-
Ingår i: OECD Environment Working Papers. - : Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). - 1997-0900.
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report provides a brief review of how national government policies and guidelines apply to or regulate the use of environmental labelling and information schemes (ELIS) in selected OECD countries. The report reviews definitions relevant to environmental claims and identifies four types of potentially false or misleading environmental claims. The report also reviews countries’ different approaches to guidance and regulations relating to such claims, as well as approaches to monitoring and enforcement of compliance with rules and guidance. Examples of court action relating to the use of consumer protection laws for environmental claims in several countries are described. Based on the reports available, it is not possible to assess to what extent the enforcement processes have been effective in improving the overall quality of environmental claims. The report also notes the extensive similarities in how different national guidelines categorise misleading environmental claims, perhaps beacuase many of the guidelines are derived in part from the International Organization for Standardization’s (ISO) 14020 series of internationally-agreed standards. Moreover the report acknowledges that several attempts have been made towards harmonisation across countries concerning environmental criteria, mainly concerning eco-labelling schemes and organic agriculture standards. There appear to be strong incentives for this type of cross-country certification, including reduced administrative costs and a potential for increased trade of environmentally-certified goods. This makes further harmonisation of criteria for self-reported environmental claims a real possibility. The ongoing pursuit of harmonisation regionally, or bilaterally, might be a first step forward in such a process.
|
|
| 45. |
- Klintman, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
-
Academia and society in collaborative knowledge production towards urban sustainability : several schemes—three common crossroads
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Environment, Development and Sustainability. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1387-585X .- 1573-2975.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arrangements for collaboration in knowledge production across academia, government, non-governmental organisations, and corporations have several names, such as citizen-science, community-based participatory research, engaged research and hybrid forums. The multiplicity of schemes does not lie only in the high number of names for various versions of collaborative knowledge production. Different scholars also use concepts in multiple ways, depending on their individual choices, mother disciplines, and the problem area in which collaboration occurs. At the same time, there is a lack of analytical tools that address the full range of collaborative research schemes and provide a systematic set of questions to learn about the schemes, challenges, and opportunities. Based on our review of academic journal articles highlighting collaborative research schemes, this paper aims to analyse three parameters which it is fair to say that virtually all arrangements of collaborative knowledge production ought to consider when making decisions, parameters that are often partially missed or misunderstood: (A) epistemic-procedural, (B) exclusive-inclusive and (C) aggregative-integrative. By examining the three parameters, their political theory origins, and how they connect to and challenge existing schemes of knowledge collaboration, we provide analytical tools that could facilitate processes of developing and scrutinising arrangements of collaborative research.
|
|
| 46. |
- Klintman, Mikael
(författare)
-
Ambiguous framings of political consumerism: means or end, product or process orientation?
- 2006
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Consumer Studies. - : Wiley. - 1470-6431 .- 1470-6423. ; 30:5, s. 427-438
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For dealing with various societal problems, 'political'/'ethical'/'responsible' consumerism is often discussed as an effective democratic and participatory tool. However, political consumerism – along with its tools, such as product labelling – is often conceived and discussed in oversimplified ways. Instead, the tension between scientific complexity, knowledge uncertainty and a codified, standardized label involves extensive political strategy, interest conflicts and simplified framings of the consumers' roles as political decision makers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how criteria for organic food labelling have been simplified, or framed, within various versions of political consumerism in policy debates. The more general purpose is to examine variations of what consumerism may entail theoretically and practically. Examples are chosen of organic food labelling in the US. The analysis is based on framing theory. The first distinction is made between framings surrounding the extrinsic and intrinsic values of consumerism (i.e. consumer empowerment towards an external goal, or as an overriding principle of democracy). The second distinction is between product- and process-oriented consumerism (i.e. consumer empowerment with regard to the purchased goods or concerning the 'invisible' production and disposal processes). These distinctions may facilitate critical examinations of criteria, processes and communication of consumer-related policies.
|
|
| 47. |
- Klintman, Mikael
(författare)
-
Apollonian and Dionysian Trust in Vaccination
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Vaccine Hesitancy in the Nordic Countries : Trust and Distrust during the COVID-19 Pandemic - Trust and Distrust during the COVID-19 Pandemic. - 9781040011614 - 9781032305998 ; , s. 21-34
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vaccine hesitancy is a significant concern worldwide. While some attribute it to a lack of knowledge, experiments have revealed that merely providing additional scientific information has little effect on vaccination hesitancy. This chapter aims to better understand negative and positive vaccination sentiments and actions by examining scientific findings’ non-random and non-linear influence on people’s vaccination sentiments and actions. The chapter argues for a new understanding of vaccination-related distrust and trust that combines sociology with evolutionary theory. It suggests that vaccination-related distrust and trust are primarily adaptations to social environments rather than irrationality or lack of knowledge. The chapter introduces the concepts of Apollonian trust, focusing on the issue-specific problem-solving potential of vaccination, and Dionysian trust, emphasising group identity and social cohesion. The author argues that organisations promoting vaccination have focused primarily on enhancing Apollonian trust. This may have hindered a reduction in vaccination hesitancy among groups whose hesitancy is rooted in cultural and ideological identity. The chapter provides examples mainly from Denmark and Sweden, illustrating the argument that can be associated with Apollonian and Dionysian trust. It concludes that better integration of the two types of trust in communication is necessary to address the challenges of vaccination hesitancy.
|
|
| 48. |
- Klintman, Mikael
(författare)
-
Arguments Surrounding Organic and Genetically Modified Food Labelling: A Few Comparisons
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning. - 1523-908X. ; 4:3, s. 247-259
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares reasoning surrounding organic food labelling with arguments concerning mandatory GM labelling. Focus is placed on argumentative cross-overs, defined as cases where actors or organizations use a certain type of argumentation for one issue (for example, modes of food production), and shift into using their opponent's type of argumentation for a closely related issue (for example, food labelling). The paper is a textual analysis of the arguments across non-governmental organizations, scientists, policy-makers and corporations. Argumentative cross-overs are not only of theoretical interest. They run the risk of, for instance, making consumers assume that all struggles for 'stricter food labelling' will lead to more reliable labelling information and to a higher level of consumer empowerment. It is important to call for more nuanced descripticns of food labelling, and to make the public aware of the cross-overs, which often involve vast exaggerations of what food labelling can, or cannat, tell us.
|
|
| 49. |
- Klintman, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
-
Bioenergi för uppvärmning - Hushållens perspektiv
- 2003
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Households base their choices of heating systems on subjectively dependent conceptions of heating sources, rather than on an understanding of a complex reality. Similar to other agents in society, households need to construct simplified frames to be able to make their choices possible to manage. Using in-depth interviews with households in Småland (in Sweden) with a few comparisons from Massachusetts (in the USA), the study has identified a number of frames through which households simplify the financial, practical and ecolological complexities of various heating systems. The households have been sampled strategically in order to generate a broad range of household responses. Various heating systems – based on bioenergi, electricity, and fossil fuels – are covered in the study. Objective household categories (e.g., age, generation, housing type or size), frequently covered in previous studies, have a weak connection to choices of energy systems. Instead, this study has elaborated on four subjective household categories more closely correlated with energy system choices: the energy implementors, the planners, the visionaries, and the resigned. The report argues that an understanding of subjective household categories and frame constructions are useful as various energy actors try to collaborate with households toward different heating systems. This understanding is especially important for the transition to and maintenance of bioenergy solutions. However, it is crucial that such collaboration not be reduced to “learning about misunderstandings and knowledge gaps among households in order to correct them.” Rather, the type of collaboration that we call for concern taking into account, and learning from, various types of priorities and experiences which are reflected in the frame constructions among the household categories.
|
|
| 50. |
- Klintman, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
-
“Challenges to Legitimacy in Food Safety Governance? The Case of the European Food Safety Authority”
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of European Integration. - 0703-6337. ; 32:3, s. 309-327
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ‘old’ forms of governance have been criticised for being neither sufficiently democratic nor effective. The popularity of ‘new’ modes of governance includes the embracing of values – integral to democratic processes – such as legitimacy, public accountability and trust. By relating parts of this ‘old-vs.-new’ distinction to March & Olsen’s dichotomy of aggregative vs. integrative political processes, the aim of this paper is to find patterns for how such processes are combined in European food safety governance. The paper focuses on the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). What forms of participation can be found in ‘new’ food safety governance? How are these forms of participation related to the aims of increasing the legitimacy? The article discusses challenges involved in EFSA’s mixing of integrative goals and the organisation’s view of food safety politics, in which aggregative policy processes are conceived as a rough ‘natural state’ which should be tamed.
|
|
