| 51. |
- Krais, Annette M., et al.
(författare)
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Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 15:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phthalate esters are suspected endocrine disruptors that are found in a wide range of applications. The aim of this study was to determine the excretion of urinary metabolites in 16 individuals after inhalation and/or dermal exposure to 100⁻300 µg/m³ of deuterium-labelled diethyl phthalate (D₄-DEP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (D₄-DEHP). Dermal exposure in this study represents a case with clean clothing acting as a barrier. After inhalation, D₄-DEP and D₄-DEHP metabolites were excreted rapidly, though inter-individual variation was high. D₄-DEP excretion peaked 3.3 h (T½ of 2.1 h) after combined inhalation and dermal exposure, with total excreted metabolite levels ranging from 0.055 to 2.351 nmol/nmol/m³ (nmol of urinary metabolites per phthalates air concentration in (nmol/m³)). After dermal exposure to D₄-DEP, metabolite excretion peaked 4.6 h (T½ of 2.7 h) after exposure, with excreted metabolite levels in between 0.017 and 0.223 nmol/nmol/m³. After combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D₄-DEHP, the excretion of all five analysed metabolites peaked after 4.7 h on average (T½ of 4.8 h), and metabolite levels ranged from 0.072 to 1.105 nmol/nmol/m³ between participants. No dermal uptake of particle phase D₄-DEHP was observed. In conclusion, the average excreted levels of metabolites after combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D₄-DEP was three times higher than after combined exposure to D₄-DEHP; and nine times higher than after dermal exposure of D₄-DEP. This study was made possible due to the use of novel approaches, i.e., the use of labelled phthalate esters to avoid the background concentration, and innovative technique of phthalate generation, both in the particle and the gas phase.
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| 52. |
- Larsson, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Brominated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters in Preschool Dust and Children's Hand Wipes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 52:8, s. 4878-4888
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children spend a considerable part of their day in preschool, where they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in indoor dust. In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in preschool dust ( n = 100) and children's hand wipe samples ( n = 100), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was analyzed in urine ( n = 113). Here we assessed children's exposure via dust, identified predictors for chemicals in dust, and studied correlations between different exposure measures. The most abundant BFRs in dust were decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) found at median levels of 270 and 110 ng/g dust, respectively. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the most abundant OPE, found at a median level of 79 000 ng/g dust. For all OPEs and some BFRs, there were significant correlations between the levels in dust and hand wipes. In addition, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in preschool dust was significantly correlated with the corresponding metabolite DPHP in children's urine. The levels of pentaBDEs in dust were higher in older preschools compared with newer, whereas levels of DBDPE were higher in newer preschools. Children's estimated intakes of individual BFRs and OPEs via preschool dust were below available health-based reference values. However, there are uncertainties about the potential health effects of some emerging BFRs and OPEs.
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| 53. |
- Larsson, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in Swedish preschool dust in relation to children's exposure
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 102, s. 114-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children are exposed to a wide range of chemicals in their everyday environments, including the preschool. In this study, we evaluated the levels of phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in dust from 100 Swedish preschools and identified important exposure factors in the indoor environment. In addition, children's total exposure to these chemicals was determined by urine analysis to investigate their relation with dust exposure, and to explore the time trends by comparing with children who provided urine fifteen years earlier. The most abundant plasticizers in preschool dust were the phthalates di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) with geometric mean levels of 450 and 266. μg/g dust, respectively, and the non-phthalate plasticizers bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) and diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DiNCH) found at 105 and 73. μg/g dust, respectively. The levels of several substitute plasticizers were higher in newer preschools, whereas the levels of the strictly regulated phthalate di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were higher in older preschools. The presence of foam mattresses and PVC flooring in the sampling room were associated with higher levels of DiNP in dust. Children's exposure from preschool dust ingestion was below established health based reference values and the estimated exposure to different phthalates and BPA via preschool dust ingestion accounted for 2-27% of the total exposure. We found significantly lower urinary levels of BPA and metabolites of strictly regulated phthalates, but higher levels of DiNP metabolites, in urine from the children in this study compared to the children who provided urine samples fifteen years earlier.
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| 54. |
- Larsson, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Tidstrender av kemiska ämnen i barns urin och utvärdering av förskoledamm som exponeringskälla
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I en tidsserie av kemiska ämnen i urin från fyraåriga barn i Stockholm samlades urinprov in 2015 från 113 barn och analyserades för ftalater, bisfenoler och bekämpningsmedel. Resultaten jämfördes med urinprov insamlade 1998-2000 från en jämförbar grupp fyraåringar. Halter av BPA och metaboliter till idag tillståndspliktiga ftalater var signifikant lägre i urinproven från 2015, medan halterna av metaboliter till en ftalat som fortfarande används i stor utsträckning (DiNP) var högre 2015.I studien utvärderades även förekomsten av ftalater, alternativa mjukgörare, bisfenoler, fosforbaserade och bromerade flamskyddsmedel i damm från förskolor, samt faktorer av betydelse för dammhalterna av dessa ämnen. Byggnadsår och förekomst av vissa produkter, som skummadrasser, elektronik och PVC-golv, samvarierade med halter av vissa mjukgörare och flamskyddsmedel i damm.Barns exponering för de undersökta ämnena via dammintag beräknades och jämfördes med hälsobaserade riktvärden. Exponeringen för de undersökta ämnena via damm i förskolan underskred i samtliga fall de hälsobaserade riktvärdena. Exponeringen via intag av damm på förskolan uppskattades motsvara 2-27% av barnens totala intag (baserat på urindata) av olika ftalater och BPA.Halter av mjukgörare och BPA i damm samvarierade inte med halter av motsvarande metaboliter i urin från förskolebarn, vilket talar för att andra källor än förskoledamm är viktigare för den totala exponeringen för dessa ämnen. Däremot observerades signifikanta korrelationer mellan vissa flamskyddsmedel i damm och handavstrykningsprov från förskolebarn, vilket reflekterar betydelsen av kemikalier i damm för hand-till-mun exponering
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| 55. |
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| 56. |
- Li, Ying, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between perfluoroalkyl substances and serum lipids in a Swedish adult population with contaminated drinking water
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-069X. ; 19:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have shown positive associations with serum lipids in previous studies. While many studies on lipids investigated associations with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), there are only a few studies regarding other PFAS, such as perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS). The purpose of the current study is to investigate if associations with serum lipids were present, not only for serum PFOS and PFOA, but also for PFHxS, and if the associations with PFAS remained also in a comparison based only on residency in areas with contrasting exposure to PFAS. Methods 1945 adults aged 20-60 were included from Ronneby, Sweden, a municipality where one out of two waterworks had been heavily contaminated from aqueous fire-fighting foams, and from a nearby control area. The exposure was categorized based on either been living in areas with contrasting PFAS exposure or based on the actual serum PFAS measurements. Regression analyses of serum lipids were fitted against serum PFAS levels, percentile groups, smooth splines and between exposed and reference areas, adjusting for age, sex and BMI. Results Drinking water contamination caused high serum levels of PFOS (median 157 ng/ml) and PFHxS (median 136 ng/ml) and PFOA (median 8.6 ng/ml). These serum PFAS levels in the exposed groups were 5 to 100-fold higher than in the controls. In this population with mixed PFAS exposure, predominantly PFOS and PFHxS, PFAS exposure were positively associated with serum lipids. This was observed both when quantifying exposure as contrast between exposed and controls, and in terms of serum PFAS. Due to high correlations between each PFAS, we cannot separate them. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study provides further evidence of a causal association between PFAS and serum lipids, especially for PFHxS.
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| 57. |
- Li, Ying, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormones after high exposure through drinking water.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0953 .- 0013-9351. ; 194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reported associations for several per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) with thyroid hormones are inconsistent in epidemiological studies. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the possible association of thyroid hormones in relation to serum levels of perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid, in a Swedish general population, highly exposed through contaminated drinking water, and if the associations with PFAS remained in a comparison to a reference group based only on residency in areas with contrasting PFAS levels.3297 participants from Ronneby, a municipality with drinking water highly contaminated by PFAS (exposed group), and a reference group (N=226) from a nearby municipality with non-contaminated drinking water supply were included. Regression analysis was used to investigate the associations between PFAS exposure, assessed as exposure groups (Ronneby and reference groups) and measured serum PFAS levels, and thyroid hormone levels, with adjustments for age, sex and BMI.No cross-sectional associations were found between PFAS and thyroid hormones in adults and seniors except for a positive association between PFAS and fT4 in males over 50. Higher thyroid hormone levels were found in the preteen children from Ronneby compared to the reference group. In contrast, within Ronneby, there was weak evidence of associations between increased PFAS levels and decreased fT3 in preteen boys, and decreased TSH in teenage males. No such pattern was found in preteen and teenage girls.The present study found no consistent evidence to support association of PFAS with thyroid hormones.
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| 58. |
- Li, Ying, et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of serum half-lives for linear and branched perfluoroalkyl substances after long-term high exposure-A study in Ronneby, Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent substances with surfactant and repellent properties. Municipal drinking water contaminated with PFAS had been distributed for decades to one third of households in Ronneby, Sweden. The source was firefighting foam used in a nearby airfield since the mid-1980s. Clean water was provided from December 16, 2013. Aims: The purpose was to estimate serum half-lives and their determinants in the study population for different PFAS. Methods: Up to ten blood samples were collected between 2014 and 2018 from 114 participants (age 4-84 years at entry, 53% female). 19 PFAS were analysed. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the half-lives. Results: Eight PFAS were increased in Ronneby: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoropentane sulfonate (PFPeS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS), linear perfluorooctane sulfonate (L-PFOS) and three branched perfluorooctane sulfonates (1 m-PFOS, 3/4/5m-PFOS and 2/6m-PFOS). The mean estimated half-lives (in years) were 0.94 (95 %CI 0.86-1.02) for PFPeS, 2.47 (2.27-2.7) for PFOA, 2.67 (2.51-2.85) for 2/6m-PFOS, 2.73 (2.55-2.92) for L-PFOS, 3.43 (3.19-3.71) for 3/4/5m-PFOS, 4.52 (4.14-4.99) for PFHxS, 4.55 (4.14-5.06) for PFHpS, and 5.01 (4.56-5.55) for 1 m-PFOS. The most important determinants of a shorter half-life were young age, and better kidney function measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate and ratio of paired urine and serum PFAS levels, followed by female sex during their fertile period aged 15-50. Markers of gut inflammation and reduced permeability i.e. zonulin and calprotectin were also possibly associated with shorter half-life. The results also suggested a time-dependent PFAS elimination process, with more rapid elimination in the first year after the end of exposure. Conclusion: The half-life estimates are in line with past estimates for some PFAS such as PFOA, and the novel results for different PFOS isomers. These results provide observational support for elimination routes - renal, fecal and maternal.
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| 59. |
- Li, Ying, et al.
(författare)
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Half-lives of PFOS, PFHxS and PFOA after end of exposure to contaminated drinking water
- 2018
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ. - 1470-7926 .- 1351-0711. ; 75:1, s. 46-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Municipal drinking water contaminated with perfluorinated alkyl acids had been distributed to one-third of households in Ronneby, Sweden. The source was firefighting foam used in a nearby airfield since the mid-1980s. Clean water was provided from 16 December 2013.OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of decline in serum perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and their corresponding half-lives.METHODS: Up to seven blood samples were collected between June 2014 and September 2016 from 106 participants (age 4-84 years, 53% female).RESULTS: Median initial serum concentrations were PFHxS, 277 ng/mL (range 12-1660); PFOS, 345 ng/mL (range 24-1500); and PFOA, 18 ng/mL (range 2.4-92). The covariate-adjusted average rates of decrease in serum were PFHxS, 13% per year (95% CI 12% to 15%); PFOS, 20% per year (95% CI 19% to 22%); and PFOA, 26% per year (95% CI 24% to 28%). The observed data are consistent with a first-order elimination model. The mean estimated half-life was 5.3 years (95% CI 4.6 to 6.0) for PFHxS, 3.4 years (95% CI 3.1 to 3.7) for PFOS and 2.7 years (95% CI 2.5 to 2.9) for PFOA. The interindividual variation of half-life was around threefold when comparing the 5th and 95th percentiles. There was a marked sex difference with more rapid elimination in women for PFHxS and PFOS, but only marginally for PFOA.CONCLUSIONS: The estimated half-life for PFHxS was considerably longer than for PFOS and PFOA. For PFHxS and PFOS, the average half-life is shorter than the previously published estimates. For PFOA the half-life is in line with the range of published estimates.
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| 60. |
- Littorin, Margareta, et al.
(författare)
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Analyser av pesticider i urin hos skånska kvinnor 2010
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Såväl allmänbefolkning som vissa yrkesarbetande grupper exponeras för kemiska bekämpningsmedel (BM), allmänbefolkningen främst genom födan. Analys av exponeringsbiomarkörer för BM i t ex urin ger ett tillförlitligt mått på den aktuella kroppsbelastningen och utgör ett gott komplement till andra sätt att uppskatta befolkningens exponering. Arbets- och miljömedicin och Avd för Arbets- och miljömedicin i Lund har med Naturvårdsverkets stöd tidigare undersökt halter av BM i dygns- alternativt morgonurin hos olika befolkningsgrupper i Skåne. Nu har rester av BM undersökts i morgonurinprov från 128 kvinnor (43-60 år) i Skåne. Medelålders kvinnor är en grupp som konsumerar förhållandevis mycket frukt och grönt, den livsmedelsgrupp som bidrar mest till exponeringen för BM. Deltagarna besvarade också enkäter med frågor om livsstil och fyllde i en matdagbok.Vi undersökte rester i urinen av fungiciderna mankozeb, prokloraz och tiabendazol, herbiciderna 2,4-diklorfenoxiättiksyra och 4-klor-2-metylfenoxiättiksyra, insekticiderna klorpyrifos och flera pyretroider samt retarderingsmedlen klormekvat och mepikvat. Analysmetodernas detektionsgränser var mellan 0,1 och 1,0 ng/mL.Samtliga biomarkörer kunde påvisas. Särskilt anmärkningsvärt var den utbredda exponeringen för retarderingsmedel, för mankozeb och klorpyrifos. Metaboliten TCP från klorpyrifos låg också förhållandevis högt i jämförelse med vuxna och barn i andra länder (USA, Costa Rica, Nicaragua). Vi fann högre halt av TCP hos vegetarianer.Olika biomarkörer för BM förekom i litet högre halter när kvinnorna konsumerat relativt mycket grönsaker, frukt/bär, spannmålsprodukter, salladsblad eller kaffe dagen innan urinprovet. Till exempel var resterna av tiabendazol högre hos de kvinnor som intagit citrusfrukter eller bananer dagen innan. Frukten behandlas i producentlandet med tiabendazol inför lagring och transport. Som vi sett i tidigare undersökta grupper var ETU-halterna i urinproven högre hos de som konsumerat vin före provet. Modersubstansen mankozeb används frekvent vid vinodling.De univariata jämförelserna mellan olika undergrupper ger indikationer på samband men djupare penetration av materialet behövs för säkra slutsatser. Med hänsyn till att många analyser gjorts finns också en risk för slumpmässiga fynd. Sammantaget utgör en biologisk övervakning som denna ändå en bas för fortsatt förståelse av bekämpningsmedlens roll för miljön och oss människor.
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