| 61. |
- Malm, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal Serum Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Early Pregnancy and Small for Gestational Age in Southern Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Toxics. - 2305-6304. ; 11:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small for gestational age (SGA) is considered an adverse birth outcome. Per- and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFAS) have become increasingly investigated as contributing environmental factors, thus far with inconclusive results. The current study aimed to investigate the hypothesized association between increased maternal PFAS levels in early pregnancy and an increased risk for SGA birth. This population-based study used data from a sample of children born in Scania, Southern Sweden, between 1995 and 2009. Two groups were compared: cases born with SGA (n = 298) and non-SGA controls (n = 580). The cases consisted of two subgroups: one included women whose children’s growth in late pregnancy was in the lowest quartile, and another included women from the remaining growth quartiles. Corresponding maternal serum samples were collected from a biobank and analyzed for concentrations of four types of PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The results were combined with information from birth registers and analyzed using Mann–Whitney U-tests and logistic regression—unadjusted as well as adjusted for potential confounders. In conclusion, elevated maternal concentrations of PFAS were not associated with an increased risk of SGA birth. However, significant ORs were observed in a subgroup analysis restricted to women of Nordic origin (unadjusted OR 3.2 and adjusted OR 2.4) for PFHxS.
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| 62. |
- Malm, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal serum vitamin D level in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia : A casecontrol study in Southern Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 18:2 February
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Preeclampsia is considered a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present case-control study in Sweden was to assess the hypothesized association between low serum vitamin D concentrations in early pregnancy and the risk of developing preeclampsia since vitamin D may play a role in early placental development. Methods The study included 296 women diagnosed with preeclampsia (cases) and 580 healthy pregnant women (controls). Serum samples were obtained from a biobank of samples collected in early pregnancy including almost all pregnancies in Southern Sweden. Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D) were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandemmass- spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The cases were divided into two categories: i) infants were born before gestational week 34 (early onset) and/or born small-for-gestational age (SGA)(n = 51), ii) and others defined as late onset (n = 245). Vitamin D concentrations were analyzed both as a continuous and a categorized variable. Results When all preeclampsia cases were included in the analyses no consistent patterns were observed. However, the median serum concentrations of vitamin D were significantly lower among the cases who were early onset and/or were born SGA (median 39.2 nmol/L, range 1.2-93.6) as compared to the controls (49.0 nmol/L, 0.1-219; p = 0.01). In addition, high concentrations were statistically significantly associated with a decreased risk of preeclampsia (>66.9 vs ≤30.1 nmol/L; crude OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16-0.96). When potential confounders were included in the models the associations were even more pronounced. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for preeclampsia, but only in preeclampsia cases who were early-onset and/or were born SGA. Preeclampsia is not a homogenous condition and more studies are needed before vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy can be recommended.
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| 63. |
- Mamsen, Linn Salto, et al.
(författare)
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Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human embryonic and fetal organs from first, second, and third trimester pregnancies
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 124, s. 482-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The persistent environmental contaminants perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have gained attention due to their potential adverse health effects, in particular following early life exposure. Information on human fetal exposure to PFASs is currently limited to one report on first trimester samples. There is no data available on PFAS concentrations in fetal organs throughout all three trimesters of pregnancy. Methods: We measured the concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in human embryos and fetuses with corresponding placentas and maternal serum samples derived from elective pregnancy terminations and cases of intrauterine fetal death. A total of 78 embryos and fetuses aged 7–42 gestational weeks were included and a total of 225 fetal organs covering liver, lung, heart, central nervous system (CNS), and adipose tissue were analyzed, together with 71 placentas and 63 maternal serum samples. PFAS concentrations were assayed by liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Results: All evaluated PFASs were detected and quantified in maternal sera, placentas and embryos/fetuses. In maternal serum samples, PFOS was detected in highest concentrations, followed by PFOA > PFNA > PFDA = PFUnA = PFHxS. Similarly, PFOS was detected in highest concentrations in embryo/fetal tissues, followed by PFOA > PFNA = PFDA = PFUnA. PFHxS was detected in very few fetuses. In general, PFAS concentrations in embryo/fetal tissue (ng/g) were lower than maternal serum (ng/ml) but similar to placenta concentrations. The total PFAS burden (i.e. the sum of all PFASs) was highest in lung tissue in first trimester samples and in liver in second and third trimester samples. The burden was lowest in CNS samples irrespective of fetal age. The placenta:maternal serum ratios of PFOS, PFOA and PFNA increased across gestation suggesting bioaccumulation in the placenta. Further, we observed that the ratios were higher in pregnancies with male fetuses compared to female fetuses. Conclusions: Human fetuses were intrinsically exposed to a mixture of PFASs throughout gestation. The compounds were detected in all analyzed tissues, suggesting that PFASs reach and may affect many types of organs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PFASs pass the placenta and deposit to embryo and fetal tissues, calling for risk assessment of gestational exposures.
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| 64. |
- Mora, Ana M., et al.
(författare)
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Blood and hair manganese concentrations in pregnant women from the Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA) in Costa Rica
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 48:6, s. 3467-3476
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manganese (Mn), an essential nutrient, is a neurotoxicant at high concentrations. We measured Mn concentrations in repeated blood and hair samples collected from 449 pregnant women living near banana plantations with extensive aerial spraying of Mn-containing fungicide mancozeb in Costa Rica, and examined environmental and lifestyle factors associated with these biomarkers. Mean blood Mn and geometric mean hair Mn concentrations were 24.4 μg/L (8.9-56.3) and 1.8 μg/g (0.05-53.3), respectively. Blood Mn concentrations were positively associated with gestational age at sampling (β = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.2), number of household members (β = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.6), and living in a house made of permeable and difficult-to-clean materials (β = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.3 to 4.0); and inversely related to smoking (β = -3.1; 95% CI: -5.8 to -0.3). Hair Mn concentrations were inversely associated with gestational age at sampling (% change = 0.8; 95% CI: -1.6 to 0.0); and positively associated with living within 50 m of a plantation (% change = 42.1; 95% CI: 14.2 to 76.9) and Mn concentrations in drinking water (% change = 17.5; 95% CI: 12.2 to 22.8). Our findings suggest that pregnant women living near banana plantations aerially sprayed with mancozeb may be environmentally exposed to Mn.
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| 65. |
- Mora, Ana María, et al.
(författare)
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Prenatal Mancozeb Exposure, Excess Manganese, and Neurodevelopment at 1 Year of Age in the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) Study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Health Perspectives. - 1552-9924. ; 126:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Although growing evidence suggests that early-life excess manganese (Mn) impairs neurodevelopment, data on the neurodevelopmental effects of mancozeb, a fungicide containing Mn, and its main metabolite ethylenethiourea (ETU) are limited. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether prenatal mancozeb exposure and excess Mn were associated with neurodevelopment in 355 1-y-old infants living near banana plantations with frequent aerial mancozeb spraying in Costa Rica. METHODS: We measured urinary ETU, hair Mn, and blood Mn concentrations in samples collected 1-3 times during pregnancy from mothers enrolled in the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) study. We then assessed neurodevelopment in their 1-y-old infants using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (BSID-III). We estimated exposure-outcome associations using linear regression models adjusted for maternal education, parity, gestational age at birth, child age, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment score, and location of neurodevelopmental assessment. RESULTS: Median (P25-P75) urinary ETU, hair Mn, and blood Mn measured during pregnancy were 3.3 μg/L (2.4-4.9; specific gravity-corrected), 1.7 μg/g (0.9-4.1), and 24.0 μg/L (20.3-28.0), respectively. Among girls, higher ETU was associated with lower social-emotional scores [β per 10-fold increase=-7.4 points (95% CI: -15.2, 0.4)], whereas higher hair Mn was associated with lower cognitive scores [-3.0 (-6.1, 0.1)]. Among boys, higher hair Mn was associated with lower social-emotional scores [-4.6 (-8.5, -0.8)]. We observed null associations for blood Mn, language, and motor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that maternal exposure to mancozeb and excess Mn during pregnancy may have adverse and sex-specific effects on infant neurodevelopment. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1955.
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| 66. |
- Mora, Ana M., et al.
(författare)
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Prenatal pesticide exposure and respiratory health outcomes in the first year of life : Results from the infants’ Environmental Health (ISA) study
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 1438-4639. ; 225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Growing evidence suggests that pesticide exposure may influence respiratory health, but data in young children are very limited. We examined the association of prenatal pesticide exposure with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and wheeze at one year of age in children from the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) study in Costa Rica. Methods: We measured seven pesticide metabolites, including ethylenethiourea (ETU, metabolite of mancozeb), in maternal urine samples collected repeatedly during pregnancy. For each woman, we averaged pesticide concentrations during each half of pregnancy (≤20 and >20 weeks of gestation) and across repeated samples collected over the course of pregnancy. We collected information about LRTIs (n = 355) and wheezing (n = 272) during the first year of life from mothers when their children were 11–19 months old. We fit multivariable logistic regression models using high (quartile 4) vs. low (quartiles 1–3) urinary pesticide concentrations as exposures and adjusted models for maternal age, education, parity, gestational age at birth, and child sex. Results: Ten percent of the children had at least one LRTI and 39% had at least one episode of wheezing during their first year of life. Median (25-75th percentile) specific gravity-corrected urinary ETU concentrations during the first half, second half, and over the course of pregnancy were 3.4 (2.1–5.0), 3.3 (2.2–4.7), and 3.4 (2.4–5.0) ng/mL, respectively. We observed that high urinary ETU concentrations during the first half of pregnancy were associated with increased odds of LRTI (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 0.96, 6.26), whereas high urinary ETU concentrations during the second half of pregnancy were associated with decreased odds of wheezing (OR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.96). We found that the association between high urinary ETU concentrations during the first half of pregnancy and LRTIs persisted among mother-child pairs with either high or low ETU concentrations during the second half. In contrast, the association of high urinary ETU concentrations during the second half of pregnancy with wheezing was attenuated when we simultaneously adjusted for urinary ETU concentrations during the first half. We observed null associations between other pesticide metabolites measured during pregnancy and respiratory outcomes. Conclusions: Our data indicate that exposure to mancozeb/ETU during the first half of pregnancy may be associated with respiratory outcomes in the first year of life.
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| 67. |
- Nidens, N., et al.
(författare)
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Associations of prenatal exposure to phthalates and one phthalate substitute with anthropometric measures in early life : Results from the German LIFE Child cohort study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Baillière's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. - : Bailliere Tindall Ltd. - 1521-690X .- 1532-1908. ; 35:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to phthalates is widespread and especially early life stages represent a critical window of exposure. In the present study, we investigated the effect of prenatal exposure to phthalates on birth outcomes and weight development in early life. In 130 mother–child pairs, we estimated the association of concentrations of 13 phthalates in spot-urine samples collected during pregnancy and birth outcomes and weight gain in the first two years of life using robust linear regression. High molecular weight phthalates were inversely associated with birth weight in girls but not in boys. Thus, prenatal exposure to phthalates may affect birth weight in a sex-specific manner.
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| 68. |
- Norén, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Biomonitoring of organophosphorus flame retardants in a Swedish population – Results from four investigations between years 2000 - 2013
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Flame retardants are chemical substances used in furniture, plastics, building materials, several household products and consumer goods to reduce their flammability. Their widespread use has resulted in measurable concentrations of the compounds or their residues in the environment, biota and human biological samples. The previously used brominated flame retardants were found to be persistent and to have bioaccumulative and neurotoxic potential, which raised public awareness. The use of the emerging organophosphorus compounds have increased after phasing out some brominated flame retardants. The chemical properties and health impacts of the organophosphorus flame retardants have not been studied to the same extent. The effects on public health and the environment due to the exposure from their widespread occurrence are therefore unclear.The aim of this study is to analyse exposure levels of the organophosphorus flame retardants TBP, TPP, TDCIPP and TBOEP in urine samples from a Swedish population of young men. The samples were collected through the enrolment for military service. Urine samples from year 2000, 2004, 2009 and 2013 were analysed for selected biomarkers of exposure with LC-MS/MS. The statistical analysis focused on temporal trends of the measured exposure levels.The metabolites DBP, DPP and BDCIPP were found in concentrations above LOD (0.03 – 0.1 ng/ml) in the majority of the samples, and DPP in all samples. BBOEP were only found above LOD in some samples and in very low concentrations. There was a statistically significant decreasing trend for the concentrations of DBP over time
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| 69. |
- Norén, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Tidstrender för ftalater, bisfenoler, polyaromatiska kolväten (PAH:er) och triklosan i urinprov hos unga män och kvinnor – Resultat från fyra undersökningar mellan år 2000 - 2013
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Befolkningen exponeras dagligen för en mängd olika miljögifter via föroreningar i utomhusmiljön, ämnen i byggnadsmaterial samt vid konsumtion av livsmedel och andra produkter. Halter av ämnen som kan medföra en risk för miljö eller hälsa mäts och kontrolleras till viss mån i miljön och i de flesta produktgrupper genom stickprov. Hur höga halter av dessa ämnen som kommer in i kroppen hos människor studeras inte lika mycket. I denna studie har halter av biomarkörer från vanligt förekommande ämnen i grupperna ftalater, bisfenoler, polyaromatiska kolväten (PAH) och triklosan analyserats i urin från unga män och kvinnor i Skåne som ett mått på exponeringen. Fokus har även varit på tidstrender genom statistisk analys av halterna vid fyra olika provtagningsår mellan år 2000 och 2013. De ämnen och utvalda biomarkörer som ingick i analysen var DEHP (MCMHP), DIDP (MCINP), DPHP (MPHHP), DINCH (MOINCH), bisfenol A (BPA), 2,2-bisfenol F (2,2-BPF), 4,4-bisfenol F (4,4-BPF), bisfenol S (BPS), fenantren (1-PH), pyren (2-OH-PH) och triklosan (TCS). Studien ska ses som ett komplement till den tidigare publicerade rapporten av Jönsson et al. (2014).Utvalda exponeringsbiomarkörer för samtliga ämnen gick att detektera i prover från alla provtagningsår utom 2,2-BPF som endast förekom i koncentrationer över LOD i enstaka urinprover år 2004 - 2013. Vanligast förekommande och högst halter var det för biomarkörerna för triklosan, bisfenol A och ftalaterna DEHP och DPHP. Dock minskade både medel- och mediankoncentrationerna av dessa ämnen över tid, med en signifikant nedåtgående trend för DEHP. Den alternativa mjukgöraren DINCH som är en ersättare för ftalater hade främst halter under LOD de första två åren men en tendens till ökning över tid med mediankoncentrationer över LOD både år 2009 och 2013. Övriga biomarkörer förekom i halter över LOD, men låga koncentrationer, och ingen tydlig trend syntes över tid.Resultatet visar en del exponeringstrender som tycks reflektera utfasning av vissa uppmärksammade ämnen. De utfasade ämnena har dock ersatts av nya snarlika ämnen, exempelvis mjukgöraren DINCH som i denna studie ser ut att öka.
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| 70. |
- Norén, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Tidstrender för urinhalter av bekämpningsmedelsrester hos unga män – Resultat från fyra undersökningar mellan 2000 - 2013
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increased use of synthetic chemicals in society poses possible harmful risks for the environment and human health. There are difficulties in predicting and evaluating consequences and effects of long-time exposure of different chemicals. Biomonitoring is one way to observe the level of exposure in the human population.Agricultural pesticides are a widely used group of chemicals to which we are mainly exposed by occupation or by diet. Long-term exposure to pesticides might have a negative impact on human health, especially in children and foetuses, due to genotoxic, neurotoxic and endocrine disrupting characteristics of many pesticides.This study focuses on the exposure assessment of 14 different metabolites from about 20 pesticides in urinary samples. The pesticides and their biomarkers of exposure included in the analysis were the fungicides thiabendazole (OH-T), pyrimetanil (OH-P), tebuconazole (TEB-OH), mancozeb and several ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (ETU), propineb (PTU), the insecticides chlorpyrifos (TCP), some pyrethroid insecticides, which have the same corresponding biomarkers (3-PBA, DCCA), and some specific pyrethroid biomarkers (4F-3-PBA, CFCA), the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and the growth regulators chlormequat (CCC) and mepiquat (MQ). The samples were collected years 2000, 2004, 2009 and 2013 from young men in the enrolment for military service in the south of Sweden. The last year of measurement (2013) both young men and women in upper secondary school were included. All samples were analysed in 2016 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The emphasis of the statistical analysis was temporal trends between the years 2000 and 2013.The highest concentrations were found for TCP and CCC in all samples from all four years. In general, the concentrations were below the levels seen in previous studies of other Swedish populations.The only increasing trend near significance was that for TCP, although the increasing gradient was fairly low ( = 0,28). The concentrations of CCC decreased over the years, but not statistically significantly so. The biomarkers 3-PBA, 2,4-D, DCCA and MQ were detected above the limit of detection (LOD), but in fairly low concentrations in the majority of samples and without significant trends. The remaining residues were mainly below the LOD and could not be further statistically analysed.
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