| 21. |
- Holmgren, Anton, et al.
(författare)
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Nordic populations are still getting taller - secular changes in height from the 20th to 21st century.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 1651-2227 .- 0803-5253. ; 108:7, s. 1311-1320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study aims to investigate secular changes in adult height among Nordic reference populations during the last four decades and in parents of Swedish study participants, and to study during which growth phase(s) infancy, childhood or puberty changes in height and tempo occurred.Length and height data were obtained from publications on populations used as current and previous national height references in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Measurements from birth until adult height and original parental heights of participants in Swedish reference populations born 1956, 1974, and 1990 were used.Adult height has increased progressively in Nordic populations born in 1950s-1990s; for females by 6 mm/decade Norway, 4 mm; Sweden, 6 mm; Finland and Denmark, 7 mm; for males by 9 mm/decade, in Sweden, 5 mm; Finland, 7 mm; Denmark 8 mm; Norway, 15 mm. This was due to more growth during childhood despite earlier timing of mid-puberty. Heights of Swedish parents born 1920s-1960s increased 11 mm/decade for mothers, 14 mm/decade for fathers.The Nordic countries comprise some of the tallest populations in the world yet continue to show a positive secular change in adult height alongside a faster tempo of growth by earlier timing of puberty, highlighting the need to regularly update national height references.
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| 22. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 23. |
- Lingfors, H., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of “Live for Life”, a health promotion programme in the County of Skaraborg, Sweden
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 55, s. 277-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate a health promotion programme, combining a population and individual based strategy, in the County of Skaraborg, Sweden, with special attention to outcome.DESIGN The evaluation was subdivided into structure, process and outcome. The evaluation procedure as a total is described here, but the results presented refer only to outcome. In order to study the potential effect of the individually based health examination, 35 year old subjects who had participated five years previously were in 1994–1996 compared with 35 year old subjects who had not participated before, and compared with their own values five years earlier. The results during 1995–1996 were compared with those of 1989–1990 for corresponding ages in order to study the effect of, particularly, the population based strategy.SETTING The County of Skaraborg in the south western part of Sweden with about 270 000 inhabitants. In addition to population strategy, involving the total county, men and women aged 30 and 35 years were invited to an individually based examination.MAIN RESULTS Factors related to body weight increased during the study period, while other factors mostly changed in the direction wanted. As a whole the changes were rather modest. There were favourable changes in lifestyle variables, for example, concerning smoking and dietary habits.CONCLUSIONS There were beneficial effects from the health promotion programme, but there is a need for continuous improvement of methods of intervention referred to lifestyle.
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| 24. |
- Lissner, Lauren, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Diet, obesity and obesogenic trends in two generations of Swedish women.
- 2008
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Ingår i: European Journal of Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-6207 .- 1436-6215. ; 48:8, s. 424-431
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Secular trends in obesity and related lifestyle factors are reported in two generations of 38- and 50-year old Swedish women. Specifically, we describe changes in obesity and fat patterning, while examining concurrent shifts in factors that are proposed to be causally related to the modern obesity epidemic. METHODS: A total of 1,270 women aged 38 or 50 were selected from population registries and examined in 1968/69 (born 1930 or 1918) or 2004/05 (born 1966 or 1954). Anthropometric methods and lifestyle questions were unchanged between earlier and later surveys. Dietary comparisons were based on 24-h recall, with additional questions about usual alcohol and salt consumption patterns. In subgroups, 24-h urinary sodium was determined. RESULTS: Weight, height, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, triceps and subscapular skinfold measures were all significantly higher in later-born cohorts, although BMI and obesity were not significantly changed. Higher sodium excretion was observed among later-born sub-groups, consistent with reports of increasing salt preference. Lower proportions of energy as fat and sucrose, but higher carbohydrate, protein and fiber concentrations were reported by later-born cohorts. There were shifts towards increased frequency of wine and liquor consumption, but decreased beer. Leisure time physical activity and perceived stress levels both increased significantly over 36 years. CONCLUSIONS: A number of anthropometric and lifestyle differences between two generations of Swedish women were observed. Increases in subcutaneous and abdominal fatness were detected without significantly increasing BMI. While some aspects of diet showed improvement, increases in salt preference and sodium excretion are cause for concern.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Lissner, Lauren, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Secular trends in weight, height and BMI in young Swedes: the ”Grow Up Gothenburg” Studies
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253. ; 102:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT Aim: This study aims to document secular differences in anthropometry (level and variability of weight, height, BMI) in two cohorts born around 1990 and 1974 and examined as young adults. Methods: Descriptive results are presented for the complete cohorts. The final analysis age-matched the cohorts (mean, 18.8 years) and employed CDC z-scores to compare means and distributions of weight, height and BMI. Results: Z-scores for weight, height and BMI were higher in later-born (1990) boys, while in girls weight and height increased over this period without resulting in increased BMI. At the same time, in boys the BMI variances increased, confirming a simultaneous emergence of more overweight and more underweight. In girls, the BMI variance did not increase significantly. Sensitivity analyses, excluding subjects not born in Sweden, confirmed increasing BMI trends in boys. Conclusion: This study documents that gender differences in the recent childhood obesity epidemic can also be observed in young Swedes as they enter adulthood. Comparing two cohorts of high school students born around 1974 or 1990, less favourable trends in weight status were seen in boys than in girls. Finally, secular increases in height, already observed earlier in the 20th century, continued in these more contemporary cohorts.
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| 27. |
- Lissner, Lauren, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood overweight : heterogeneity across five countries in the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI-2008)
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Obesity. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0307-0565 .- 1476-5497. ; 40:5, s. 796-802
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Excess risk of childhood overweight and obesity occurring in socioeconomically disadvantaged families has been demonstrated in numerous studies from high-income regions, including Europe. It is well known that socioeconomic characteristics such as parental education, income and occupation are etiologically relevant to childhood obesity. However, in the pan-European setting, there is reason to believe that inequalities in childhood weight status may vary among countries as a function of differing degrees of socioeconomic development and equity.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we have examined socioeconomic differences in childhood obesity in different parts of the European region using nationally representative data from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Portugal and Sweden that were collected in 2008 during the first round of the World Health Organization ( WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative.RESULTS: Heterogeneity in the association between parental socioeconomic indicators and childhood overweight or obesity was clearly observed across the five countries studied. Positive as well as negative associations were observed between parental socioeconomic indicators and childhood overweight, with statistically significant interactions between country and parental indicators.CONCLUSIONS: These findings have public health implications for the WHO European Region and underscore the necessity to continue documenting socioeconomic inequalities in obesity in all countries through international surveillance efforts in countries with diverse geographic, social and economic environments. This is a prerequisite for universal as well as targeted preventive actions.
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| 28. |
- Lissner, Lauren, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in overweight and obesity in Swedish schoolchildren 1999-2005: has the epidemic reached a plateau?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Obesity reviews. - 1467-789X. ; 11:8, s. 553-559
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this review is to synthesize published evidence on the most recent trends in overweight and obesity among Swedish children. Specifically, trends are reported among fourth graders (10-11 years) from six different municipalities between 1999 and 2005. Weights and heights in representative samples of children within each area were measured by school nurses as part of routine school health examinations. Standardized definitions of overweight, obesity and thinness were calculated by methods described by Cole et al. in 2000 and 2007. In Stockholm, obesity prevalence during academic years starting 1999 and 2003 decreased non-significantly from 4.4% to 2.8% in girls, and increased non-significantly from 3.2% to 3.8% among boys. In Gothenburg, comparing academic years starting 2000 and 2004, prevalence of overweight in girls decreased from 19.6% to 15.9% (P < 0.01) while thinness increased from 9.5% to 11.9% (P < 0.05); no significant changes were observed in boys. Finally, the Swedish National Institute of Public Health released figures from Karlstad, Umeå, Västerås and Ystad in 2003-2005 during which time no trends in prevalence could be clearly shown. The stabilized rates are probably a result of regional and local actions that have taken place in many sectors of society, rather than one specific measure or national political action.
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| 29. |
- Magnusson, Maria B, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood obesity and prevention in different socio-economic contexts
- 2011
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Ingår i: Preventive medicine. - : Elsevier. - 0091-7435 .- 1096-0260. ; 53:6, s. 402-407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assess recent trends in obesity, health beliefs, and lifestyles in Swedish schoolchildren, with focus on socioeconomic disparities. The study was conducted in two areas with high and low socioeconomic status (SES). 340 11-12 year olds participated in three cross-sectional surveys assessing food-related behaviours, physical activity and health beliefs, together with anthropometric examinations. Comparisons were made before and after a community-based intervention (2003 versus 2008) within the low-SES school, and between the low and high-SES school (2008 only). In the low-SES school BMI z-score decreased over 5 years (0.80 vs 0.46) as did the percentage of children frequently consuming sweet drinks (43.5 vs 26.8%), statistically significant in girls only (p<0.05). Children increasingly perceived benefits of healthy life-styles (37 vs 55%). In 2008, consumption of breakfast, vegetables, sweets and sweet drinks differed between schools, as did screen-time and physical activity, all in favour of the high SES-school where the obesity-prevalence was significantly lower (0.8 vs 6.7%). Positive changes in diet and weight status were observed, especially in girls, within a low-income multi-ethnic community undergoing a health promotion intervention. Our results underscore the multifactorial etiology of childhood obesity and the importance of continuing tailored, gender-sensitive prevention efforts.
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| 30. |
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